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HUBS192 2022 > lecture 20 - GI system basic structure > Flashcards

lecture 20 - GI system basic structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 fundamental functions of the GI system?

A

Motility, secretion, digestion, absorption

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2
Q

What closes off the ends of the GI tracts?

A

Sphincters

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3
Q

What lines the GI tract?

A

Epithelium

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4
Q

What are the major organs of the GI system?

A

oral cavity/mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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5
Q

What are the accessory organs of the GI system?

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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6
Q

In the GI tract, what is stratified squamous epithelium adapted for?

A

Protection from abrasion

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7
Q

In the GI tract, what is simple columnar epithelium adapted for?

A

Secretion & absorption

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8
Q

What type of epithelium lines the mouth/oral cavity and oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous

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9
Q

What type of epithelium lines the stomach, small intestine and large intestine?

A

Simple columnar

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10
Q

What type of epithelium lines the anus?

A

Stratified squamous

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11
Q

What cells make up the unicellular glands of the GI system?

A

goblet cells

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12
Q

What is the shape of goblet cells?

A

Columnar, with a wide apical aspect

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13
Q

How are multicellular glands formed in the GI tract?

A

When epithelium invaginates to form ducts

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of multicellular glands?

A

Simple & compound

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15
Q

What is a simple multicellular gland?

A

A gland with a single duct

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16
Q

What is a compound multicellular gland?

A

A gland with 2 or more ducts

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17
Q

What type of gland is a salivary gland?

A

Compound multicellular gland

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18
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut tube?

A

Mucosa, sub-mucosa, muscularis externa/proper, adventitia

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19
Q

What are the layers (top to bottom) of the GI mucosa?

A

Epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria (FCT), muscularis mucosa. Sometimes contains glands.

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20
Q

What layer of the GI mucosa contains blood vessels and lymphatics?

A

Lamina Propria (FCT)

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21
Q

What are the components of the GI submucosa?

A

Glands, blood vessels, the submucosal nerve plexus

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22
Q

What layer of the gut tube contains the submucosal nerve plexus?

A

Submucosa

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23
Q

What body system is the submucosal nerve plexus part of?

A

the Enteric Nervous system (ENS), the gut’s local nervous system

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24
Q

What is the function of the enteric nervous system?

A

Allows local coordination of gut reflexes without significant contribution from the CNS

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25
Q

What type of muscle is found in the muscularis externa/muscularis proper

A

Smooth muscle

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26
Q

What are the 2 layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis proper?

A

Inner circular, outer longitudinal

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27
Q

Is the circular smooth muscle of the gut tube the inner or outer layer of muscle?

A

Inner

28
Q

Is the longitudinal smooth muscle of the gut tube the inner or outer layer of muscle?

A

Outer

29
Q

What is the structure and function of the inner circular muscle of the muscularis?

A

Circumferential smooth muscle fibres that control gut tube diameter

30
Q

What is the structure and function of the outer longitudinal muscle of the muscularis?

A

Longitudinal/‘lengthways’ smooth muscle fibres that control gut tube length

31
Q

What feature of the muscularis in the GI tract regulates and stimulates motility?

A

The myenteric plexus

32
Q

What is the location of the myenteric plexus?

A

In the muscularis proper of the gut tube

33
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus?

A

Regulates gut tube motility, as part of the enteric nervous system

34
Q

What is the tissue type of the GI adventitia?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

35
Q

What is the additional outermost layer found on GI organs within the peritoneal cavity?

A

Serosa

36
Q

What type of membrane is the peritoneum?

A

Serous membrane

37
Q

What are the 2 layers of the peritoneum?

A

Parietal and Visceral

38
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A tissue/membrane that lines the abdominal wall and encloses most of the abdominal and GI organs

39
Q

What does the parietal layer of the peritoneum line?

A

The body wall

40
Q

What does the visceral layer of the peritoneum line?

A

The organs

41
Q

What sits between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum?

A

Fluid filled space called the peritoneal cavity/space

42
Q

What is the term for abdominal organs that sit outside the peritoneum?

A

Retroperitoneal

43
Q

What is the most notable retroperitoneal GI organ?

A

The pancreas

44
Q

What is mysentery?

A

A double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects an organ to the body wall

45
Q

What is omenta?

A

Double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects an organ to another organ

46
Q

What are the similarities and differences between mesentery and omentum?

A

Both double layers of visceral peritoneum, but mysentery connects organ to body wall and omentum connects organ to organ

47
Q

What is the approximate volume of daily salivary secretions?

A

1L

48
Q

How many pairs of salivary ducts are connected to the oral cavity?

A

3 pairs - 6 in total

49
Q

How are salivary glands connected to the oral cavity?

A

Via ducts

50
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

51
Q

What do the parotid salivary glands secrete?

A

Serous fluid containing amylase

52
Q

What do the sublingual salivary glands secrete?

A

Mucous

53
Q

What do the submandibular salivary glands secrete?

A

Mixture of serous fluid with amylase and mucous

54
Q

What type of gland are salivary glands?

A

Compound secretory glands

55
Q

What are components of a compound gland?

A

Duct and acini

56
Q

What is an acinus?

A

A cluster of cells ( often within a compound duct)

57
Q

What does an acinus of a salivary duct secrete?

A

Enzymes, such as amylase

58
Q

What do the duct cells of salivary gland secrete?

A

bicarbonate for buffering

59
Q

What is the function of the bicarbonate secreted by the duct cells of salivary glands?

A

Buffering

60
Q

What is the approximate length of the esophagus?

A

~25cm

61
Q

What is the location of the oesophagus, in relation to the trachea?

A

Posterior to the trachea

62
Q

What feature ensures that food enters the oesophagus and not the trachea?

A

The epiglottis

63
Q

Why is the submucosa and mucosa of the oesophagus highly folded?

A

To give it the capacity to expand when a food bolus passes through

64
Q

What is the epithelium type in the esophagus?

A

Stratified squamous

65
Q

How does the muscle type in the muscularis externa change along the oesophagus?

A

1st third is skeletal muscle, 2nd third is mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle, 3rd third is smooth muscle

66
Q

Why does the oesophagus need mucus?

A

Protection and lubrication

67
Q

What secretes the mucus of the oesophagus?

A

Glands with ducts to the surface, rather than goblet cells

HUBS192 2022 (38 decks)

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