lecture 4 - anatomy of the heart 1 Flashcards
What are the 2 main systems of the cardiovascular system?
Blood vascular system, lymphatic vascular system
What are the drainage characteristics of the blood vascular system?
Closed supply and drainage in a continuous loop
What are the drainage characteristics of the lymphatic vascular system?
Open-entry drainage system
What are the vessels used in the supply path of the cardiovascular system?
Arteries
What is the relative pressure, flow/volume and speed of the cardiovascular system supply side?
High
Where are major artieries typically located?
Deep inside the body to avoid external damage
How are branching arterial pathways named?
Artery’s name changes at each major branch
What are the 3 types of capillaries involved in the cardiovascular exchange network?
Continuous, fenestrated (leaky), sinusoidal (very leaky)
What are the 3 drainage pathways of the cardiovascular system?
Deep veins, superficial veins, lymphatics
What are the relative cross sectional areas of arteries and veins?
Veins have much higher cross sectional area as the blood pressure is lower than that of arteries, meaning more blood must pass through to achieve the same flow rate.
What is the shape of the heart?
Blunt, cone shaped
What is the name for the pointed end of the heart?
Apex
What is the name for the broad end of the heart?
Base
What is the approximate size of the heart?
Size of a closed fist
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
Right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, left atrium
What separates the left and right ventricles?
The inter-ventricular septum
What separates the left and right atria?
The interatrial septum
What are the 3 pathways through which deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium of the heart?
Superior vena cava, coronary sinus, inferior vena cava
What parts of the body does the superior vena cava drain blood from?
Head, neck, chest and upper limbs
What parts of the body does the inferior vena cava drain blood from?
Everywhere below the diaphragm.
Where does deoxygenated blood from heart tissue enter the right atrium?
The coronary sinus
What chambers of the heart contain deoxygenated blood?
Right atrium and ventricle
What chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood?
Left atrium and ventricle
What are the 4 valves of the heart?
Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral/bicuspid, aortic
What valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
What valve separates the right ventricle and pulmonary artery?
The pulmonary valve
What valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?
The mitral (AKA bicuspid) valve
What valve separates the left ventricle and aorta?
The aortic valve
Where does the left atrium receive blood from?
From 4 pulmonary veins (2 on left and 2 on right) that come from the lungs
Where does blood leave the heart once oxygenated?
The aorta
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall tissue?
Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
What is the innermost layer of the heart wall tissue?
Endocardium
What is the middle layer of the heart wall tissue?
Myocardium
What is the outermost layer of the heart wall tissue?
epicardium
What is the name of the sac that the heart sits in?
Pericardium
What is the pericardium?
A sac that the heart sits in. It provides a lubricated space for the heart to beat within.
What is the thickest layer of the heart wall tissue?
The myocardium
What is the inner lining of the endocardium?
layer of simple squamous epithelium - a single layer of endothelial cells.
What layer of the endocardium is in contact with the blood within the chambers of the heart?
Simple squamous epithelium - the endothelium
What is the layer underneath the endothelium of the endocardium?
Layer of irregular loose fibrous connective tissue (FCT)
Is the endocardium vascular?
Yes - it contains small blood vessels
What feature of the endocardium is involved in the heart’s conduction pathways?
Contains purkinje fibres
What is the ‘muscle layer’ of the heart?
The myocardium
What cells make up the myocardium?
cardiac myocytes
What is the difference in thickness between the myocardium of the left and right ventricles?
Left ventricle has thicker layer of muscle than the right
Why is the myocardium of the left ventricle thicker than that of the right ventricle?
The left ventricle has to generate a lot of force to pump blood out to the entire body, while the right only has to pump blood to the lungs, over a shorter distance
What is the outer layer of the epicardium called?
Visceral pericardium (is continuous with the pericardium)
What is the relative size of blood vessels in the epicardium?
Large (when compared to other layers of heart tissue)
What is the structure of the epicardium?
A layer continuous with the visceral pericardium, overlying loose irregular fibrous connective tissue, with adipose tissue
Where is there a notable amount of adipose tissue in heart tissue?
The epicardium
What part of the heart anatomy is described at a ‘serous membrane’?
Pericardium - the innermost layer called the serous pericardium
What substance lubricates the pericardium to allow the heart to beat smoothly?
Pericardial fluid
What are the 3 layers of the pericardium?
(outer) Fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium, visceral serous pericardium (which is continuous with the epicardium) (inner)
What is the name for the space around the heart that is formed by the pericardium?
Pericardial cavity
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
Delivers deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
What is the function of the pulmonary vein?
Delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
What does the aorta split into (4)?
The descending aorta, The brachiocephalic artery, the left carotid artery, left subclavian artery
Where does the brachiocephalic artery originate?
The aorta
What does the brachiocephalic artery branch into?
The right common carotid and subclavian artieries
