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HUBS192 2022 > lecture 4 - anatomy of the heart 1 > Flashcards

lecture 4 - anatomy of the heart 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main systems of the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood vascular system, lymphatic vascular system

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2
Q

What are the drainage characteristics of the blood vascular system?

A

Closed supply and drainage in a continuous loop

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3
Q

What are the drainage characteristics of the lymphatic vascular system?

A

Open-entry drainage system

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4
Q

What are the vessels used in the supply path of the cardiovascular system?

A

Arteries

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5
Q

What is the relative pressure, flow/volume and speed of the cardiovascular system supply side?

A

High

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6
Q

Where are major artieries typically located?

A

Deep inside the body to avoid external damage

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7
Q

How are branching arterial pathways named?

A

Artery’s name changes at each major branch

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries involved in the cardiovascular exchange network?

A

Continuous, fenestrated (leaky), sinusoidal (very leaky)

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9
Q

What are the 3 drainage pathways of the cardiovascular system?

A

Deep veins, superficial veins, lymphatics

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10
Q

What are the relative cross sectional areas of arteries and veins?

A

Veins have much higher cross sectional area as the blood pressure is lower than that of arteries, meaning more blood must pass through to achieve the same flow rate.

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11
Q

What is the shape of the heart?

A

Blunt, cone shaped

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12
Q

What is the name for the pointed end of the heart?

A

Apex

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13
Q

What is the name for the broad end of the heart?

A

Base

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14
Q

What is the approximate size of the heart?

A

Size of a closed fist

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15
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, left atrium

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16
Q

What separates the left and right ventricles?

A

The inter-ventricular septum

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17
Q

What separates the left and right atria?

A

The interatrial septum

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18
Q

What are the 3 pathways through which deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium of the heart?

A

Superior vena cava, coronary sinus, inferior vena cava

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19
Q

What parts of the body does the superior vena cava drain blood from?

A

Head, neck, chest and upper limbs

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20
Q

What parts of the body does the inferior vena cava drain blood from?

A

Everywhere below the diaphragm.

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21
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood from heart tissue enter the right atrium?

A

The coronary sinus

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22
Q

What chambers of the heart contain deoxygenated blood?

A

Right atrium and ventricle

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23
Q

What chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood?

A

Left atrium and ventricle

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24
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

A

Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral/bicuspid, aortic

25
Q

What valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

26
Q

What valve separates the right ventricle and pulmonary artery?

A

The pulmonary valve

27
Q

What valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

The mitral (AKA bicuspid) valve

28
Q

What valve separates the left ventricle and aorta?

A

The aortic valve

29
Q

Where does the left atrium receive blood from?

A

From 4 pulmonary veins (2 on left and 2 on right) that come from the lungs

30
Q

Where does blood leave the heart once oxygenated?

A

The aorta

31
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall tissue?

A

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

32
Q

What is the innermost layer of the heart wall tissue?

A

Endocardium

33
Q

What is the middle layer of the heart wall tissue?

A

Myocardium

34
Q

What is the outermost layer of the heart wall tissue?

A

epicardium

35
Q

What is the name of the sac that the heart sits in?

A

Pericardium

36
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A sac that the heart sits in. It provides a lubricated space for the heart to beat within.

37
Q

What is the thickest layer of the heart wall tissue?

A

The myocardium

38
Q

What is the inner lining of the endocardium?

A

layer of simple squamous epithelium - a single layer of endothelial cells.

39
Q

What layer of the endocardium is in contact with the blood within the chambers of the heart?

A

Simple squamous epithelium - the endothelium

40
Q

What is the layer underneath the endothelium of the endocardium?

A

Layer of irregular loose fibrous connective tissue (FCT)

41
Q

Is the endocardium vascular?

A

Yes - it contains small blood vessels

42
Q

What feature of the endocardium is involved in the heart’s conduction pathways?

A

Contains purkinje fibres

43
Q

What is the ‘muscle layer’ of the heart?

A

The myocardium

44
Q

What cells make up the myocardium?

A

cardiac myocytes

45
Q

What is the difference in thickness between the myocardium of the left and right ventricles?

A

Left ventricle has thicker layer of muscle than the right

46
Q

Why is the myocardium of the left ventricle thicker than that of the right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle has to generate a lot of force to pump blood out to the entire body, while the right only has to pump blood to the lungs, over a shorter distance

47
Q

What is the outer layer of the epicardium called?

A

Visceral pericardium (is continuous with the pericardium)

48
Q

What is the relative size of blood vessels in the epicardium?

A

Large (when compared to other layers of heart tissue)

49
Q

What is the structure of the epicardium?

A

A layer continuous with the visceral pericardium, overlying loose irregular fibrous connective tissue, with adipose tissue

50
Q

Where is there a notable amount of adipose tissue in heart tissue?

A

The epicardium

51
Q

What part of the heart anatomy is described at a ‘serous membrane’?

A

Pericardium - the innermost layer called the serous pericardium

52
Q

What substance lubricates the pericardium to allow the heart to beat smoothly?

A

Pericardial fluid

53
Q

What are the 3 layers of the pericardium?

A

(outer) Fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium, visceral serous pericardium (which is continuous with the epicardium) (inner)

54
Q

What is the name for the space around the heart that is formed by the pericardium?

A

Pericardial cavity

55
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

A

Delivers deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

56
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

Delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

57
Q

What does the aorta split into (4)?

A

The descending aorta, The brachiocephalic artery, the left carotid artery, left subclavian artery

58
Q

Where does the brachiocephalic artery originate?

A

The aorta

59
Q

What does the brachiocephalic artery branch into?

A

The right common carotid and subclavian artieries

HUBS192 2022 (38 decks)

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