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HUBS192 2022 > lecture 35 - male reproductive system 2 > Flashcards

lecture 35 - male reproductive system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of having the testes in the scrotum on the outside of the abdomen?

A

Maintains a lower temperature than the body - 34 degrees celsius - which is optimum for spermatozoa development

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2
Q

What is the optimum temperature for spermatozoa development?

A

~34 degrees celsius

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3
Q

What is the name of the muscle that lines the scrotum?

A

Dartos muscle

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4
Q

How does the dartos muscle minimise heat loss from the scrotum?

A

Wrinkles the skin of the scrotum to reduce surface area for heat loss

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5
Q

Where is the cremaster muscle located?

A

Covers the testes and spermatic cords of the scrotum.

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6
Q

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

A

Contracts to draw the testes up towards the body to conserve heat in the testes

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7
Q

Where do the spermatic cords run between?

A

The abdomen and testes

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8
Q

What do the spermatic cords contain?

A

Ductus deferens, blood vessels (testicular arteries and veins), nerves, lymphatics

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9
Q

What is the function of the venous/pampiniform plexus of the spermatic cords?

A

Forms a network around the arteries supplying the testes and allows the transfer of heat from the arteries to the cooler retuning blood to cool it to testicular temperature, and to warm the returning blood

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10
Q

What are the 2 functions of the penis?

A

Urination, copulation

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11
Q

What is the shape of the penis?

A

‘Cylindrical’

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12
Q

What is the name for the base of the penis that adheres it to the body wall?

A

The root/bulb

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13
Q

What is the name for the main length of the penis?

A

The body

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14
Q

What is the name for the head of the penis?

A

The glans penis

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15
Q

What is the glans penis covered by?

A

Prepuce/foreskin

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16
Q

What are the 3 cylindrical erectile tissues of the penis?

A

2 corpora cavernosa, 1 corpus spongiosum.

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17
Q

What is the main erectile tissue of the penis?

A

The 2 corpora cavernosa

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18
Q

Where are the corpora cavernosa located?

A

On the dorsal aspect of the penis (when erect)

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19
Q

Where is the corpus spongiosum located?

A

On the ventral aspect of the penis (when erect)

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20
Q

What do the corpora cavernosa branch into?

A

They run adjacent until forking out in the crura (singular crus) or roots of the penis

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21
Q

What penis erectile tissue is the urethra contained within?

A

The corpus spongiosum

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22
Q

What are the bulb and glans of the penis formed from?

A

The corpus spongiosum erectile tissue

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23
Q

What is the key reason that the corpus spongiosum does not become as erect as the corpus cavernosum?

A

Corpus spongiosum contains that urethra, so excess erection would flatten the urethra inhibiting the passage of sperm

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24
Q

In what medium are spermatozoa carried to the female reproductive tract in?

A

In seminal fluid

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25
Q

What is the name for the combination of spermatozoa and seminal fluid?

A

Semen

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26
Q

What are the purposes of seminal fluid?

A

Provides fluid medium for efficient transport of spermatozoa, activates spermatozoa propulsion abilities and provides nutrients and energy, protects against an acidic environment in penis and particularly in the female vagina.

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27
Q

What protects spermatozoa from the acidic environment of the female vagina during intercourse?

A

Seminal fluid

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28
Q

Where is seminal fluid produced?

A

In 3 accessory glands - seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

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29
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

Glands in males that secrete alkaline seminal fluid

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30
Q

How many seminal vesicles do males have?

A

2

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31
Q

Where are the seminal glands located?

A

posterior to the bladder, lateral to the ampulla

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32
Q

What is the physical nature of the secretion from the seminal vesicles?

A

Viscous

33
Q

What proportion of semen is secreted by the seminal vesicles?

A

60%

34
Q

What is the relative pH of seminal vesicles secretions, and why?

A

Alkaline - too protect spermatozoa from acidic environment in urethra and vagina

35
Q

Where is the prostate gland located?

A

Inferior to the bladder and wrapped around the prostatic urethra

36
Q

What proportion of semen is secreted by the prostate gland?

A

30%

37
Q

What is the relative pH of secretions from the prostate?

A

slightly acidic

38
Q

What is a distinctive component of seminal fluid from the prostate?

A

PSA - prostate-specific antigen

39
Q

What is the function of PSA rich secretions from the prostate?

A

Contributes to sperm activation, viability and motility

40
Q

How many bulbourethral glands do males have?

A

2

41
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A

In the urogenital diaphragm

42
Q

Where do the bulbourethral glands open into?

A

The spongy/penile urethra

43
Q

What proportion of semen is made by the bulbourethral glands?

A

5%

44
Q

What is the function of bulbourethral glands secretions?

A

Lubrication and neutralise acidity in urethra prior to ejaculation

45
Q

What proportion of semen is mace up of spermatozoa?

A

5%

46
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

Surgical method of male sterilisation where the ductus deferens are cut and then tied or cauterised.

47
Q

What affect does a vasectomy have on the volume of semen?

A

No decrease in seminal fluid volume because glands unaffected. However, with no spermatozoa in semen, there is a 5% decrease in semen volume.

48
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

The formation of gametes/sex cells

49
Q

What is the name for the process of gametogenesis in males?

A

Spermatogenesis

50
Q

What is the name for the process of gametogenesis in females?

A

oogenesis

51
Q

Are gametes diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

52
Q

What are the products of meiosis 1?

A

2 haploid cells are produced from 1 original diploid cell

53
Q

What are the products of meiosis 2?

A

Each haploid cell produced from meiosis 1 divides to product 2 haploid cells with 23 chromosome.

54
Q

What transformation occurs in spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogonia are transformed to mature spermatozoa

55
Q

What are the 2 types of spermatogonia after mitosis?

A

Type A and Type B

56
Q

Where are spermatogonia/stem cells located before/during the first division?

A

The basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules

57
Q

Where does the type A spermatogonium sit during spermatogenesis?

A

Stays at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule

58
Q

Which spermatogonia (type A or B) will differentiate into a primary spermatocyte which will undergo meiosis 1?

A

Type B

59
Q

What happens to primary spermatocytes in spermatogenesis?

A

They undergo meiosis 1 to form 2 secondary haploid spermatocytes

60
Q

What happens to the 2 secondary spermatocytes formed from each cell in spermatogenesis?

A

Undergo meiosis 2 to form 4 total haploid round spermatic spermatids.

61
Q

What is the shape of spermatids?

A

Round

62
Q

What is the name of the process in which spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa?

A

Spermiogenesis

63
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

The process of different ion of a round spermatid into spermatozoa with head, body and tail

64
Q

Where are spermatozoa released after differentiation from spermatids?

A

The lumen of seminiferous tubules

65
Q

What organelle is abundant in developing spermatozoa, and why?

A

Mitochondria - vital for motility

66
Q

What is the general name for a hormone that acts on the gonads?

A

Gonadotropin

67
Q

What does GnRH stand for?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

68
Q

Where is GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) produced?

A

The hypothalamus

69
Q

What hormones does GnRH stimulate the release of?

A

LH (luteinising hormone) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) from the anterior pituitary

70
Q

What gonadotropins are released by the anterior pituitary?

A

LH (luteinising hormone) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

71
Q

Where is LH (luteinising hormone) produced?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

72
Q

Where is FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) produced?

A

The anterior pituitary

73
Q

What hormone is released from nurses/sertoli cells?

A

Inhibin

74
Q

Where is inhibin produced in males?

A

Nurse cells in the testes

75
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

Interstitial endocrine cells in the testes

76
Q

What type of hormone is testosterone?

A

An androgen - type of steroid hormone

77
Q

What is the function of androgens?

A

Responsible for male characteristics: maturation of sex organs, spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics, libido

78
Q

What is the process of the negative feedback loop involved in male gonadotropin regulation?

A

GnRH released by hypothalamus, stimulates FSH (stimulates inhibin production) and LH (which stimulates testosterone production in testes), FSH and testosterone control spermatogenesis. Inhibin suppresses FSH production and testosterone suppresses LH and GnRH production, creating a negative feedback loop

HUBS192 2022 (38 decks)

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