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HUBS192 2022 > lecture 14 - overview & upper respiratory tract > Flashcards

lecture 14 - overview & upper respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Conduct warm, clean, moist air into close proximity with blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange. Also facilitates olfaction (smell) and produces sound

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2
Q

What are the 3 key functions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange with circulatory system, producing sound, facilitating olfaction

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3
Q

What are the 3 key parts of the respiratory system?

A

Upper respiratory tract, Lower respiratory tract, Thorax

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4
Q

What are the key components of the thorax?

A

Thoracic cavity, joints, bones, respiratory muscles

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5
Q

What are the 2 key zones of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting and respiratory zones

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6
Q

What are the 2 key cavities of the Respiratory system?

A

Nasal and oral cavities

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7
Q

What is the entire respiratory tract lined with?

A

Epithelium called mucosa

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8
Q

What is the basic structure of the epithelium/mucosa that lines the respiratory tract?

A

Epithelium is attached via a basement membrane to the lamina propria

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9
Q

What are the 4 key types of epithelium found in different parts of the respiratory tract?

A

Respiratory epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium, simple squamous epithelium, olfactory mucosa

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10
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the majority of the conducting region of the respiratory tract ?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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11
Q

What type of epithelium is found in places where food (and air) travel?

A

Stratified squamous

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12
Q

What type of epithelium is found at the site of gas exchange in the respiratory tract?

A

Simple squamous

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13
Q

What type of epithelium is found at sites of olfaction?

A

Olfactory mucosa

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14
Q

What is the the histological structure of respiratory mucosa?

A

Epithelia, basement membrane, lamina propria (containing glands), Submucosa (containing glands)

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15
Q

What is the type of epithelium making up the respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

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16
Q

What is the meaning of pseudostratified?

A

A layer of cells that appears to be stratified - have several layers, but is actually just a single layer of (usually) columnar cells

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17
Q

What regions is respiratory epithelium found?

A

Nasal cavity, part of pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

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18
Q

What cells in the respiratory epithelium make mucus?

A

Goblet cells

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19
Q

What is the function of mucus in the respiratory system?

A

Sticky substance that traps debris and moistens air

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20
Q

What is the structure and function of cilia on the respiratory epithelium?

A

hairlike organelles that beat back and forth to move mucus towards the pharynx where it can be swallowed and digested.

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21
Q

What are the 3 key components of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose & nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, pharynx

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22
Q

What is the common name for the pharynx?

A

Throat

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23
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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24
Q

What is the function of the nose in terms of respiration?

A

It’s the primary passageway for air entering the respiratory system

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25
Q

What is the bridge of the nose made up of?

A

2 nasal bones

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26
Q

What is the end of the external nose made up of?

A

Cartilage

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27
Q

What is the structure and function of the cartilage of the nose?

A

Soft flexible cartilage that maintains a patent/unobstructed airway

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28
Q

What is the medical name for the nostrils?

A

External nares

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29
Q

What are the external nares?

A

The nostrils

30
Q

What is found immediately inside the nostrils/external nares?

A

Vestibule, lined with skin

31
Q

What is the structure of the vestibule of the nose?

A

Lined with skin and contains sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair follicles (vibrissae)

32
Q

What is the name for the hairs found in the vestibule of the nose?

A

Vibrissae

33
Q

What is the function of vibrissae?

A

They filter air

34
Q

What is the structure of the nasal septum?

A

Made up of cartilage anteriorly and bone posteriorly

35
Q

What bones form the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Ethmoid and sphenoid bones

36
Q

What is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by?

A

The hard and soft palates

37
Q

What are the relative positions of the hard and soft palates?

A

Hard anterior, soft posterior

38
Q

Where are conchae found?

A

On the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

39
Q

How many conchae are there?

A

3

40
Q

What are the names of the 3 conchae?

A

Superior, middle and inferior

41
Q

What is the alternative name for conchae?

A

Turbinates

42
Q

What covers the surface of the conchae?

A

Respiratory epithelium

43
Q

What is the function of the conchae?

A

Swirl inspired air so that foreign particles stick to the mucosa, and increase time for warming and humidifying of air and olfactory detection

44
Q

What is nasal epithelium made up of?

A

Mostly of respiratory epithelium, but also contains a specialised area of olfactory epithelium

45
Q

Where are the olfactory receptors found?

A

The roof of the nasal cavity, in olfactory epithelium

46
Q

What feature of the nasal mucosa helps to warm incoming air?

A

Vascular plexus of blood vessels that sits close to surface

47
Q

What happens to the vascular plexus of the nasal cavity when air temperature drops?

A

Plexus dilates for greater heat transfer

48
Q

What is a paranasal sinus?

A

Cavities in the bones surrounding the nasal cavity

49
Q

What bones are the paranasal sinuses found within (4)?

A

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

50
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

Respiratory mucosa

51
Q

Where do the paranasal sinuses drain?

A

Into the pharynx

52
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses (3)?

A

Lighten skull, increase surface area to clean, warm and moisten air, sound resonance

53
Q

What is the cause of blocked sinuses?

A

Infected mucus blocks paranasal sinus drainage

54
Q

What is the overall structure of the pharynx?

A

Muscular funnel shaped tube shared by the respiratory and digestive system

55
Q

What passes through the nasopharynx?

A

Air only

56
Q

What lines the nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory mucosa

57
Q

Where is the nasopharynx located?

A

Posterior to the nasal cavity, anterior to the oro- and laryngo- pharynxes

58
Q

Where does the nasopharynx extend?

A

From posterior nares to the soft palate

59
Q

What structures block the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food entering the nasal cavity?

A

The soft palate and uvula

60
Q

Where do the auditory tubes drain to?

A

The nasopharynx

61
Q

Where do the auditory tubes drain from?

A

The middle ear

62
Q

What part of the pharynx are the pharyngeal tonsils found?

A

Posterior wall of the nasopharynx

63
Q

What passes through the oropharynx?

A

Air and food

64
Q

What is the oropharynx lined with?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

65
Q

What is the fucntion of the stratified squamous epithelium of the oropharynx?

A

Protects against abrasion, e.g. from food

66
Q

Where is the oropharynx located?

A

Posterior to the oral cavity and inferior to the nasopharynx, superior to the laryngopharynx

67
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

From the palate to the hyoid bone

68
Q

What tonsils are found in the oropharynx?

A

The palatine and lingual tonsils

69
Q

What part of the pharynx are the palatine and lingual tonsils found in?

A

The oropharynx

70
Q

What passes through the laryngopharynx?

A

Air and food

71
Q

What is the laryngopharynx lined with?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

72
Q

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

A

From the hyoid bone superiorly to the opening of the larynx/beginning of oesophagus inferiorly, where the respiratory and digestive tracts diverge

HUBS192 2022 (38 decks)

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