lecture 38 - coitus, fertilisation & contraception Flashcards
What is coitus?
Sexual intercourse/copulation
What is intromission?
In coitus, the process in which the erect penis is introduced into the vagina
What is the name for the act of the erect penis entering the vagina?
Intromission
What is the name for the process of semen release into the upper part of the vagina?
Insemination
What are the 4 stages of the male sexual act?
Erection of penis, mucus secretion into urethra, ejaculation, resolution
What type of nervous system control regulates erection of the penis?
Parasympathetic
What type of nervous system control regulates ejaculation from the penis?
Sympathetic
What are the 2 phases of male ejaculation?
Emission, expulsion
What is resolution of the male sexual act?
When the penis returns to a flaccid state after ejaculation
What surround the erectile tissues of the penis to prevent excess expansion/filling?
Layers of fascia
What are the fascia of the penis, and what is their function?
Layers of connective tissue that help to restrain penile erectile tissues
What artery supplies the perineum in both males and females?
The pudendal artery
Where does the pudendal artery branch from?
The internal iliac artery
What are the branches of the pudendal artery that supply the penis?
Artery of bulb, Dorsal artery, Urethral artery, Cavernosal/Deep artery
What are the spaces inside the erectile tissues of the pensi that can fill with blood?
Lacunae, separated by trabeculae
What are the sensory nerves of the penis sensitive to?
Touch, pressure, temperature
What nerve supplies sensory and somatic motor innervation to the perineum and external genitalia in males?
Pudendal nerve
What provides autonomic innervation of the penis?
The pelvic plexus
What is the role of parasympathetic nerves in the male sexual act?
Role in erection - stimulates production of nitric oxide, a vasodilator, in the deep arteries of the penis that then dilate to fill the lacunae of the corpora cavernosa with blood
What substance is produced in the erectile tissues of the penis and acts as a vasodilator?
Nitric oxide (NO)
What is the role of sympathetic nerves in the male sexual act?
Ejaculation - stimulate smooth muscle contraction and release from the reproductive ducts and accessory glands (seminal fluid)
What is the role of somatic motor nerves in the male sexual act?
Stimulate the contraction of skeletal muscles around the bulb of the penis
What occurs during the emission phase of ejaculation, which is a sympathetic response?
Smooth muscle of ductus deferens contracts to move sperm into ampulla, which contracts along with seminal glands to release seminal fluid into urethra
What occurs during the expulsion phase of ejaculation, which is a sympathetic and somatic motor response?
Contractions of urethral smooth muscles, pelvic floor muscle contraction, semen ejection
What areas are engorged in the female sexual response?
Clitoris, labia and vagina, in response to autonomic stimulation
How does the vagina and uterus change shape/position during the female sexual act?
Increased width and length, uterus elevates upward as
When does an oocyte complete meiosis II?
When the spermatozoa fuses with it
What is the name for a fertilised oocyte?
zygote
What are the 4 artificial methods of contraception?
Barrier methods, hormonal contraceptives ,intrauterine devices, sterilisation
What are the 2 key natural methods of contraception?
Rhythm method/periodic abstinence, withdrawal method/coitus interruptus
What is the rhythm method of contraception?
Periodic abstinence around ovulation
What re the 2 key types of steroidal contraceptives?
Combined oral contraceptive pills, progestin only contraception
What hormones does the combined oral contraceptive pill contain?
Estrogen and progestin
How does the combined oral contraceptive pill work?
Suppresses ovulation and affects cervical mucus to prevent sperm penetration
How does the progesterone only pill work?
Effects cervical mucus
How does a sub dermal implant/injectable progestin work?
Disrupt follicular growth and ovulation
What are the two types of IUD?
Copper IUD, Hormonal IUD
How do Copper IUDs work?
Reduce sperm transport, inhibit implantation and are toxic to oocytes and zygotes
How do hormonal IUDs work?
Contain progestins and affect cervical mucus to reduce sperm transport. May affect endometrium and inhibit ovulation
What is the form of female sterilisation?
Tubal ligation
