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HUBS192 2022 > lecture 2 - anatomy of the skin 2 > Flashcards

lecture 2 - anatomy of the skin 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 key accessory structures of the skin?

A

hair, sweat glands, receptors, nails

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2
Q

Where is hair not found on the exterior of the body?

A

Palms, soles of feet, lips

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3
Q

What does hair consist of?

A

‘Dead’ keratinised cells forming a hair shaft that is produced inside a hair follicle.

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4
Q

What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?

A

Attaches to hair follicle and contracts to produce goosebumps - hair shaft stands up straight.

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5
Q

What muscle is responsible for making the hair shafts of the skin erect, thereby causing goosebumps?

A

Arrector pili muscle

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of the root hair plexus?

A

Collection of sensory nerves at the base of each hair follicle that detects tiny interactions with the environment providing heightened sensation.

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7
Q

What is the name for the network of sensory nerves found at the base of hair follicles?

A

Root hair plexus

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8
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

Modified secretory epithelial cell glands found in the skin that produce sebum

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9
Q

What is the function of sebum?

A

Oily secretion that nourishes hair shafts, moisturises skin and repels water.

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10
Q

In terms of the sebaceous glands, what causes acne?

A

Blocked hair follicles and infection due to excess sebum production.

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11
Q

What is the name for sebum secreted by sheep?

A

Lanolin

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12
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine, apocrine

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13
Q

Where are eccrine sweat glands found?

A

In most parts of the skin

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14
Q

What do eccrine sweat glands secrete?

A

Water secretions directly to the skin surface

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15
Q

What is the function of eccrine sweat glands?

A

Thermoregulation, salt excretion, antibacterial action.

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16
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

Armpit, groin, around the nipples

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17
Q

What do apocrine sweat glands secrete?

A

Sticky/oily, sometimes odorous secretions into the base of hair follicles

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18
Q

Where is apocrine sweat secreted?

A

Into the base of hair follicles

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19
Q

What is apocrine sweat gland secretion controlled by?

A

Hormonal signalling

20
Q

What are the 3 types of sensory receptors in the skin?

A

Tactile, lamellar, bulbous

21
Q

What is the function of nails in terms of the skin?

A

Protect fingertips/toes, enhance sensation

22
Q

How are sensory receptors in finger/toe nails triggered?

A

Via deformation

23
Q

What are the characteristics of ageing skin?

A

Thin epidermis and dermis, sagging/wrinkling due to diminished collagen, slower skin repair, drier epidermis due to decreased sebum, impaired cooling due to less sweat, pale skin, grey hair

24
Q

Why does skin display sagging/wrinkling with age?

A

Collagen in the skin diminished reducing elasticity

25
Q

Why does the epidermis become dry with age?

A

Less sebum is produced

26
Q

Why is thermoregulation via the skin impaired with ageing?

A

Less sweat is produced by sweat glands, reducing cooling mechanisms.

27
Q

How does tobacco cause premature skin ageing?

A

Damages collagen and elastin, reduces healing, causes acne and cancers .

28
Q

How does vaping affect the skin?

A

Contains nicotine, which reduces blood circulation to the dermis causing contact dermatitis (rash)

29
Q

What pigment is used by the skin to protect cells from UV damage?

A

Melanin

30
Q

What cells produce melanin?

A

Melanocytes

31
Q

How is melanin transferred to epidermal cells from melanocytes?

A

Via melanosomes - vesicles carrying melanin.

32
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

In the stratum basale (innermost layer of the epidermis), because they are not shed

33
Q

Where are melanosomes found?

A

Throughout the epidermis of the skin, as they are shed with keratinocytes.

34
Q

What is a mole, on a cellular level?

A

A cluster of melanocytes that produce excess melanin

35
Q

What are moles often caused by?

A

Over proliferation of melanocytes due to sun exposure

36
Q

What is the cause of freckles?

A

Melanocytes over produce melanosomes (vesicles), in response to sun exposure.

37
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D?

A

Calcium homeostasis, bone strength.

38
Q

How is the skin involved in vitamin D synthesis?

A

UV exposure to the skin is required for synthesis.

39
Q

What is the result of Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets and/or low mood

40
Q

Who is most susceptible to Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Highly pigmented people with dark skin

41
Q

What is a basal cell carcinoma?

A

A common, relatively benign form of skin cancer that originates in the stratum basale of the epidermis.

42
Q

Where do basal cell carcinomas originate?

A

In the stratum basale (bottom layer) of the epidermis.

43
Q

What is the term for the spread of a cancer from one site to another or several?

A

metastasis

44
Q

What is a malignant melanoma?

A

Rare form of skin cancer that is highly metastatic and can be deadly in left untreated.

45
Q

Where do melanomas originate?

A

In pigmented melanocytes (melanin producing cells) in the stratum basale of the epidermis

46
Q

Why do tattoos remain in the skin permanently?

A

They are deposited into the dermis layer of the skin, which is not shed. Cannot be completely broken down by immune cells.

HUBS192 2022 (38 decks)

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