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HUBS192 2022 > lecture 1 - anatomy of the skin 1 > Flashcards

lecture 1 - anatomy of the skin 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the skin protect underlying tissues and organs from?

A

Impact, abrasion, fluid loss and chemical attack

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2
Q

What glands in the skin excrete salts, water and organic wastes?

A

Integumentary glands.

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of integumentary glands?

A

sweat, sebaceous, ceruminous, mammary

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4
Q

What are integumentary glands?

A

Exocrine glands of the skin/body’s that secrete salts, water and organic wastes

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5
Q

How does the skin maintain body temperature?

A

Insulation or evaporative cooling

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6
Q

How does the skin protect against ultraviolet radiation?

A

By producing melanin

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7
Q

What is the function of keratin in skin?

A

Protein that protects against abrasion and repels water

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8
Q

How is the skin involved in calcium homeostasis?

A

It is involved in the synthesis of vitamin D3 - which is involved in regulation of the uptake of Calcium by the body

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9
Q

How does the skin store lipids?

A

In apidocytes that make up the hypodermis

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10
Q

What 4 types of tissue make up skin?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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11
Q

What is the dominant tissue type in the epidermis of the skin?

A

Epithelial

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12
Q

What are the 3 primary layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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13
Q

What is the outer layer of the skin?

A

Epidermis

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14
Q

What is the middle layer of the skin called?

A

Dermis

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15
Q

What is the innermost layer of the skin called?

A

The hypodermis

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16
Q

What is the structure of the epidermis?

A

Avascular, Stratified barrier made up of keratinocytes.

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17
Q

What is the structure of the dermis?

A

Connective tissue layer with collagen and elastin protein fibres for strength and elasticity, and is vascular. Contains secondary structures, such as hair follicles, glands, nerves

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18
Q

What is the structure of the hypodermis?

A

Adipose/fat tissue from adipocytes

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19
Q

What 2 layers make up the cutaneous part of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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20
Q

What layer makes up the subcutaneous layer of the skin?

A

Hypodermis

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelial tissue cellular structure?

A

Simple and stratified

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22
Q

What are the 3 forms of simple or stratified epithelia?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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23
Q

What is simple epithelia?

A

Epithelial tissue consisting of a single layer of epithelial cells.

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24
Q

What is stratified epithelia?

A

Epithelial tissue consisting of a stacked layers of epithelial cells.

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25
Q

What is the shape of squamous epithelial cells?

A

Flat and wide

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26
Q

What is the type of epithelial tissue that dominates the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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27
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis (4)?

A

Stratum corneum, Stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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28
Q

What is the alternative name for the stratum corneum?

A

Horny layer

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29
Q

What is the alternative name for the stratum granulosum?

A

granular layer

30
Q

What is the alternative name for the stratum spinosum?

A

Spinous, spiny or prickly layer

31
Q

What is the structure of the stratum corneum?

A

Upper layer of the epidermis made of dead, dried out hard cells with no nuclei. Contains keratin.

32
Q

What is the structure of the stratum granulosum?

A

2nd most superficial layer of the epidermis. Contains granules that promote dehydration of the cells and keratin fibre cross linking.

33
Q

What is the structure of the stratum spinosum?

A

Layers of cells that become increasingly squamous shaped as they move upwards through the layer. Cells linked by intercellular bridges called desmosomes.

34
Q

What is the structure of the stratum basale?

A

Made up of columnar regenerative/stem cells that divide to give daughter cells that migrate upwards to replenish the layer above

35
Q

What are desmosomes in terms of the skin?

A

Junctions that anchor neighbouring cells in the epidermis

36
Q

What are hemidesmosomes in terms of the skin?

A

Junctions that anchor the stratum basale (of the epidermis) to the dermis

37
Q

What is the difference between desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, in the skin?

A

Demsosomes anchor neighbouring cells within the epidermis, while hemidesmosomes anchor the stratum basale of the epidermis to the underlying dermis.

38
Q

Where is thick skin found?

A

On the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

39
Q

Does thick or thin skin have hair?

A

Thin

40
Q

What is the extra epidermal layer of thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

41
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum of thick skin located?

A

Below the stratum corneum

42
Q

Is the dermis shed?

A

No

43
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary and reticular

44
Q

What features are common to both the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis?

A

Blood vessels, lymphatics, sensory nerve fibres and accessory structures.

45
Q

What is the structure and function of the papillary layer of the dermis?

A

Highly vascularised to provide nourishment to the epidermis above

46
Q

What is the structure and function of the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

Mesh-like structure of collagen and elastin fibres which provides strength to the skin

47
Q

What are plexuses of the dermis?

A

Networks of blood vessels

48
Q

What are the 2 plexuses of the dermis?

A

Cutaneous plexus and Sub-papillary plexus.

49
Q

What is the structure of the cutaneous plexus of the dermis?

A

Network of blood vessels at the junction of the dermis and hypodermis.

50
Q

What is the function of the cutaneous plexus of the dermis?

A

Supplies the hypodermis and deeper dermis with blood, including the capillaries for hair follicles and sweat glands.

51
Q

What is the structure of the sub-papillary plexus of the dermis?

A

Branches from the cutaneous plexus and lies underneath the papillary layer of the dermis

52
Q

What is the function of the sub-papillary plexus of the dermis?

A

Provides oxygen and nutrients to the upper dermis and epidermis.

53
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

The subcutaneous layer of the skin, made predominantly of subcutaneous fat

54
Q

What is the dominant cell type in the hypodermis, and what do they make?

A

Adipocytes, which produce subcutaneous fat.

55
Q

What is the function of subcutaneous fat?

A

Stores energy as fat and provides insulation for thermoregulation

56
Q

What layer of the skin do subcutaneous injections inject into, and why?

A

Hypodermis, which has limited vascularity

57
Q

What are the 3 types of burns?

A

1st, 2nd and 3rd degree

58
Q

What layers of the skin are damaged by 1st degree burns?

A

Outer layers of the epidermis (superficial)

59
Q

What layers of the skin are damaged by 2nd degree burns?

A

Epidermis and varying amounts of the dermis

60
Q

What layers of the skin are damaged by 3rd degree burns?

A

Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Can even extend down into muscle/bone

61
Q

What are the characteristics of 1st degree burns?

A

Red/pink colour, dry, painful, usually no blistering.

62
Q

In 1st degree burns, is the water and bacterial barrier intact?

A

Yes

63
Q

How long does it take for 1st degree burns to heal approximately?

A

3-10 days

64
Q

What are the characteristics of normal 2nd degree burns?

A

Painful, moist, red, blistered.

65
Q

How long do normal 2nd degree burns take to heal?

A

1-2 weeks approx.

66
Q

How long do deeper 2nd degree burns take to heal?

A

Approximately a month

67
Q

What are the characteristics of deeper 2nd degree burns?

A

May include white, waxy areas. Some loss of sensation and scarring

68
Q

What are the 2 types of 2nd degree burns?

A

Normal and deep

69
Q

What are the characteristics of 3rd degree burns?

A

Varied colour - waxy white to red to black

70
Q

Why do 3rd degree burns have little pain?

A

Nerve endings in the skin are destroyed, resulting a lack of sensation.

71
Q

What is treatment for severe 3rd degree burns?

A

Skin grafts

72
Q

How long does it take for 3rd degree burns to heal?

A

Months to years, with permanent scarring

HUBS192 2022 (38 decks)

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