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HUBS192 2022 > lecture 15 - lower respiratory tract > Flashcards

lecture 15 - lower respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract (5)?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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2
Q

What are the 3 key functions of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Conducts air to/from the site of gas exchange, completes cleaning, warming and humidifying of air, provides a barrier between air and blood with a large surface area for gas exchange

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3
Q

What travels through the larynx?

A

Air - no food

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4
Q

Where does the larynx sit in relation to the oesophagus?

A

Anteriorly

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5
Q

Where are the boundaries of the larynx?

A

From hyoid bone to the top of the trachea

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6
Q

What is the key function of the cartilages of the larynx?

A

To protect/maintain and open/patent airway

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7
Q

What structure closes over the airway when swallowing to prevent food entering the LRT?

A

The epiglottis

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8
Q

What is the common name for the glottis?

A

Voicebox

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of folds found in the larynx?

A

Vocal folds and vestibular folds

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10
Q

What folds are the ‘true’ vocal cords?

A

Vocal folds

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11
Q

What folds are the ‘false’ vocal folds?

A

Vestibular folds

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12
Q

What determines the opening and closing of the glottis?

A

The vocal cords, which are attached to cartilage

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13
Q

What causes the vocal folds to produce sound?

A

Air passing over them causes vibrations and sound waves

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14
Q

Why do men have deeper voices?

A

Testosterone affects cartilage and muscle of the glottis, resulting in longer, thicker vocal folds that produce deeper sounds

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15
Q

Where do the vestibular folds sit in relation to the vocal folds?

A

They sit superiorly

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16
Q

What is the main function of the vestibular folds?

A

Prevent foreign object (e.g. food) from entering the glottis

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17
Q

What type of sounds can (rarely) be produced by the vestibular folds?

A

Very deep sounds

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18
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

Anterior to the oesophagus, between the larynx and primary bronchi

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19
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the trachea?

A

Maintain a patent airway and clean, warm and humidify air

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20
Q

How does the trachea maintain a patent airway?

A

Has C-shaped cartilage rings that keep it open, ends connected to by band of smooth muscle (trachealis), lamina propria and sub-mucosa contains many elastin fibres

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21
Q

What lines the trachea?

A

Respiratory epithelia

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22
Q

Where is the musociliary escalator found?

A

In the trachea

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23
Q

What is the function of the musociliary escalator?

A

Removes debris to the pharynx to be swallowed and digested.

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24
Q

What generates the mucus for the musociliary escalator?

A

Goblet cells and mucous glands.

25
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

26
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

27
Q

What is the shape of the base of the lungs, and why?

A

Dome shaped that sits of the diaphragm

28
Q

Where do the bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs?

A

The hilum

29
Q

Where do the apexes of the lungs sit?

A

Below the clavicle

30
Q

What is the name for the lateral surface of the lungs?

A

The costal surface

31
Q

Where does the base of the lungs sit?

A

On the diaphragm

32
Q

What are the components, from top to bottom, of the bronchial tree?

A

Trachea, primary bronchi,l secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

33
Q

Where are the trachealis muscles found on the trachea?

A

At the posterior of the trachea, connecting the C shaped cartilage rings

34
Q

Are the cartilage rings surrounding the trachea C-shaped or complete?

A

C-shaped

35
Q

Are the cartilage rings surrounding the primary bronchi C-shaped or complete?

A

complete

36
Q

What is the cartilage structure found in the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A

Cartilage plates

37
Q

How does the epithelium change in the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A

Respiratory epithelium decreases in height and concentration of goblet cells decreases.

38
Q

What is the diameter of bronchioles?

A

<1mm

39
Q

What is the epithelium of the bronchioles, and why?

A

Cuboidal - no space for columnar cells

40
Q

What is the structure of the bronchioles?

A

No cartilage, but thick smooth muscle for bronchoconstriction and dilation. Cuboidal epithelium

41
Q

What is the diameter of a terminal bronchiole?

A

<0.5mm

42
Q

What does each terminal bronchiole supply?

A

A pulmonary lobule

43
Q

What is the structure of a pulmonary lobule?

A

Made of many alveoli arranged like a ‘bunch of grapes’

44
Q

What is the structure of an alveolus?

A

Very thinned wall, covered in a fine network of pulmonary capillaries, open on one side

45
Q

What is the epithelium of an alveolus?

A

Simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane

46
Q

What cells make up alveoli?

A

Pneumocytes

47
Q

What are pneumocytes?

A

Lung epithelial cells that make up the alveoli

48
Q

What are the 2 types of pneumocytes?

A

Type I (squamous), type II (cuboidal)

49
Q

What is the function of type I pneumocytes?

A

Forms the respiratory membrane/blood air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane

50
Q

What is the function of the type II pneumocytes?

A

Scattered amongst type I. Secrete surfactant, a complex lipoprotein (phospholipid) that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid

51
Q

What is secreted by type II pneumocytes?

A

Surfactant

52
Q

What is surfactant?

A

A complex lipoprotein (phospholipid) that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid

53
Q

What removes the debris that makes its way into the alveoli?

A

Roaming macrophages

54
Q

What type of epithelial cell type are type I pneumocytes?

A

Squamous

55
Q

What type of cell make up type II pneumocytes?

A

cuboidal

56
Q

What is the alternative name for the respiratory membrane?

A

Blood-air barrier

57
Q

What is the structure of the blood-air barrier/respiratory membrane?

A

Layer of alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelial cells, with the alveolar and capillary basement membranes fused together between them

58
Q

What sits between the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium in the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar and capillary basement membranes fused together

HUBS192 2022 (38 decks)

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