lecture 28 - gross structue of the kidney Flashcards
What percentage of the male body is water?
60%
What percentage of the female body is water?
55%
What are the 4 components excreted in urine?
excess water, excess salts, wastes of metabolism, many toxins and drugs
What are the components of normal urine?
water, salts, urea, metabolites, hormones and small proteins
What are the 3 key components potentially found in abnormal urine?
large proteins, red blood cells, glucose
Why are large proteins abnormal in urine?
They are usually too big to be filtered
Why are red blood cells abnormal in urine?
They are too big to be filtered
Why is glucose abnormal in urine?
Although it is filtered, it is supposed to be completely reabsorbed.
What is the pH of urine?
Can vary widely - ~4.6-8, and it is influenced by what is excreted at a particular time
What are the 4 key gross components/organs of the renal/urinary system?
kidneys (2), ureters (2), urinary bladder, urethra
Which kidney is located more inferiorly, and why?
The right kidney, because it is pushed down by the liver
What is the location of the kidney, in respect to the vertebrae?
Alongside the T12 to L3 vertebrae
What is the location of the kidney, in respect to the ribs?
Anterior to the posterior side of the 11th and 12th ribs
What side of the kidneys face laterally?
The convex side. while the concave notch (hilum) faces medially
What is the name for the concave notch on the medial surface of the kidneys?
The hilum
What components enter/exit the kidneys at the hilum?
Renal blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, the ureter carrying urine
Are the kidneys retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
What is the location of the kidney, in respect to the peritoneum?
retroperitoneal - located on the posterior abdominal wall and covered on the anterior side by the peritoneum.
What are the kidneys surrounded, supported and protected by?
Fat
What are the 3 regions of the kidney?
Cortex, medulla, pelvis
What is the outermost covering of the kidneys?
The fibrous capsule
What is the inner medulla divided into?
Medullary pyramids
What are the parts of a medullary pyramid?
Papilla at the apex, pointing into the centre of the kidney, with a base on the outer long face
What part of the outer cortex seperates the medullary pyramids?
Renal columns
What is a lobe of the kidney made up of?
A single pyramid and the surrounding cortex, including the adjacent renal columns
How many lobes are found in each kidney?
5-11
Where do the renal papilla drain urine into?
The renal pelvis
What are kidney lobes mostly made up of?
Nephrons
Where does urine collect immediately after draining from the papilla?
A calyx
Kidney calyces join to form what?
The renal pelvis
What part of the gross structure of the kidney does filtration occur in?
The cortex
What is the artery that supplies the kidneys?
The renal artery
Where does the renal artery arise?
The abdominal aorta
Where does the renal artery enter the kidney?
The hilum
What is the vein that drains the kidney?
The renal vein
Where does the renal vein drain to?
The inferior vena cava
What is the smallest type of artery in the kidney that delivers blood to the glomerulus?
Afferent arterioles
Where does filtration occur in the nephrons of the kidneys?
The glomerulus
What vessels leave the golmerulus and carry blood to the peritubular capillaries?
Efferent artierioles
Where do peritubular capillaries ultimately drain to?
To the veins, that get bigger and bigger until they form the renal vein that exits the kidney
What are the components (largest to smallest) of the blood supply to the kidney cortex?
Abdominal aorta, renal artery, series of arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries
What are the components (smallest to largest) of the blood supply away from the kidney cortex after filtration ?
(from Glomerular capillary), efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, series of veins, renal vein, inferior vena cava
What is the name for the nerve network in the kidneys?
The renal plexus
What is the renal plexus?
Innervation of the kidneys from a network of autonomic nerves and ganglia.
What is the function of sympathetic nerves in the renal plexus of the kidneys?
Act to adjust the diameter of renal arterioles and thus regulate blood flow
What is the ‘microscopic functional unit of the kidney’?
Nephrons
What are the 3 key functions of nephrons?
Filter blood, selectively reabsorb or secrete, produce urine
