lecture 28 - gross structue of the kidney

Question 1

What percentage of the male body is water?

Answer 1

60%

Question 2

What percentage of the female body is water?

Answer 2

55%

Question 3

What are the 4 components excreted in urine?

Answer 3

excess water, excess salts, wastes of metabolism, many toxins and drugs

Question 4

What are the components of normal urine?

Answer 4

water, salts, urea, metabolites, hormones and small proteins

Question 5

What are the 3 key components potentially found in abnormal urine?

Answer 5

large proteins, red blood cells, glucose

Question 6

Why are large proteins abnormal in urine?

Answer 6

They are usually too big to be filtered

Question 7

Why are red blood cells abnormal in urine?

Answer 7

They are too big to be filtered

Question 8

Why is glucose abnormal in urine?

Answer 8

Although it is filtered, it is supposed to be completely reabsorbed.

Question 9

What is the pH of urine?

Answer 9

Can vary widely - ~4.6-8, and it is influenced by what is excreted at a particular time

Question 10

What are the 4 key gross components/organs of the renal/urinary system?

Answer 10

kidneys (2), ureters (2), urinary bladder, urethra

Question 11

Which kidney is located more inferiorly, and why?

Answer 11

The right kidney, because it is pushed down by the liver

Question 12

What is the location of the kidney, in respect to the vertebrae?

Answer 12

Alongside the T12 to L3 vertebrae

Question 13

What is the location of the kidney, in respect to the ribs?

Answer 13

Anterior to the posterior side of the 11th and 12th ribs

Question 14

What side of the kidneys face laterally?

Answer 14

The convex side. while the concave notch (hilum) faces medially

Question 15

What is the name for the concave notch on the medial surface of the kidneys?

Answer 15

The hilum

Question 16

What components enter/exit the kidneys at the hilum?

Answer 16

Renal blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, the ureter carrying urine

Question 17

Are the kidneys retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

Answer 17

Retroperitoneal

Question 18

What is the location of the kidney, in respect to the peritoneum?

Answer 18

retroperitoneal - located on the posterior abdominal wall and covered on the anterior side by the peritoneum.

Question 19

What are the kidneys surrounded, supported and protected by?

Answer 19

Fat

Question 20

What are the 3 regions of the kidney?

Answer 20

Cortex, medulla, pelvis

Question 21

What is the outermost covering of the kidneys?

Answer 21

The fibrous capsule

Question 22

What is the inner medulla divided into?

Answer 22

Medullary pyramids

Question 23

What are the parts of a medullary pyramid?

Answer 23

Papilla at the apex, pointing into the centre of the kidney, with a base on the outer long face

Question 24

What part of the outer cortex seperates the medullary pyramids?

Answer 24

Renal columns

Question 25

What is a lobe of the kidney made up of?

Answer 25

A single pyramid and the surrounding cortex, including the adjacent renal columns

Question 26

How many lobes are found in each kidney?

Answer 26

5-11

Question 27

Where do the renal papilla drain urine into?

Answer 27

The renal pelvis

Question 28

What are kidney lobes mostly made up of?

Answer 28

Nephrons

Question 29

Where does urine collect immediately after draining from the papilla?

Answer 29

A calyx

Question 30

Kidney calyces join to form what?

Answer 30

The renal pelvis

Question 31

What part of the gross structure of the kidney does filtration occur in?

Answer 31

The cortex

Question 32

What is the artery that supplies the kidneys?

Answer 32

The renal artery

Question 33

Where does the renal artery arise?

Answer 33

The abdominal aorta

Question 34

Where does the renal artery enter the kidney?

Answer 34

The hilum

Question 35

What is the vein that drains the kidney?

Answer 35

The renal vein

Question 36

Where does the renal vein drain to?

Answer 36

The inferior vena cava

Question 37

What is the smallest type of artery in the kidney that delivers blood to the glomerulus?

Answer 37

Afferent arterioles

Question 38

Where does filtration occur in the nephrons of the kidneys?

Answer 38

The glomerulus

Question 39

What vessels leave the golmerulus and carry blood to the peritubular capillaries?

Answer 39

Efferent artierioles

Question 40

Where do peritubular capillaries ultimately drain to?

Answer 40

To the veins, that get bigger and bigger until they form the renal vein that exits the kidney

Question 41

What are the components (largest to smallest) of the blood supply to the kidney cortex?

Answer 41

Abdominal aorta, renal artery, series of arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries

Question 42

What are the components (smallest to largest) of the blood supply away from the kidney cortex after filtration ?

Answer 42

(from Glomerular capillary), efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, series of veins, renal vein, inferior vena cava

Question 43

What is the name for the nerve network in the kidneys?

Answer 43

The renal plexus

Question 44

What is the renal plexus?

Answer 44

Innervation of the kidneys from a network of autonomic nerves and ganglia.

Question 45

What is the function of sympathetic nerves in the renal plexus of the kidneys?

Answer 45

Act to adjust the diameter of renal arterioles and thus regulate blood flow

Question 46

What is the ‘microscopic functional unit of the kidney’?

Answer 46

Nephrons

Question 47

What are the 3 key functions of nephrons?

Answer 47

Filter blood, selectively reabsorb or secrete, produce urine