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HUBS192 2022 > lecture 16 - thorax anatomy & breathing > Flashcards

lecture 16 - thorax anatomy & breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 key compartments of the thoracic cavity?

A

The mediastinum and 2 pleural cavities

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2
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

Sternum

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3
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

thoracic vertebrae

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4
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

ribs

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5
Q

What is the superior boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

base of neck

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6
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

Diaphragm

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7
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

A region lying between the lungs in the thoracic cavity that contains the oesophagus, trachea and heart

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8
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

Heart, vessels, pericardium, trachea, oesophagus

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9
Q

What do the pleural cavities contain?

A

Each has a lung

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10
Q

Why are the 2 pleural cavities seperate?

A

So that if one lung stops the functioning, the other can act separately

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11
Q

What is the pleural cavity lined with?

A

The parietal (against cavity) and visceral (against lungs) pleura

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12
Q

What fundamentally drives ventilation?

A

Pressure changes in the thoracic cavity

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13
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and volume in the thoracic cavity?

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume (P=1/V)

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14
Q

What happens to the volume in the thorax during inspiration?

A

It increases (as pressure decreases)

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15
Q

What happens to the volume in the thorax during expiration?

A

It decreases (as pressure increases)

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16
Q

What happens to the pressure in the thorax during inspiration?

A

It decreases (as volume increases)

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17
Q

What happens to the pressure in the thorax during expiration?

A

It increases (as volume decreases)

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18
Q

Why does a smaller volume create higher pressure?

A

A smaller space for the same amount of gas leads to more collisions and therefore increased pressure

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19
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

P=1/V - pressure is inversely proportional to volume

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20
Q

How does air move between areas of varying pressure?

A

Moves from high to low pressure

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21
Q

What is the relative pressure inside and outside the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

A

Pressure inside < Pressure outside

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22
Q

What is the relative pressure inside and outside the thoracic cavity during expiration?

A

Pressure outside < Pressure inside

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23
Q

What is the relative pressure inside and outside the thoracic cavity between breaths?

A

Pressure outside = Pressure inside

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24
Q

What joins the sternum to the ribs?

A

Costal cartilage

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25
Q

What type of cartilage is costal cartilage?

A

Hyaline

26
Q

What joints connect the costal cartilage of the ribs to the sternum?

A

Sternocostal joints

27
Q

What type of joint in the sternocostal joint?

A

Synovial, except the 1st, which is cartilaginous

28
Q

What do the sternocostal joints connect?

A

The ribs and sternum

29
Q

What joints connect the ribs to the costal cartilage?

A

Costochondral joints

30
Q

What type of joint are costochondral joints?

A

Cartilaginous joints

31
Q

What do costochondral joints connect?

A

Ribs and costal cartialge

32
Q

What joints connect costal cartilage in the lower ribs?

A

Interchondral joints

33
Q

What type of joint are interchondral joints?

A

Synovial joints

34
Q

What is the name for the joints between costal cartilage in the lower ribs?

A

Interchondral joints

35
Q

What are the posterior thoracic joints?

A

Joints that articulate the thoracic vertebrae and ribs

36
Q

What are the 2 types of posterior thoracic joints?

A

Costotransvere and costovertebral joints

37
Q

What do costotransverse joints connect?

A

The rib and the transverse process of vertebrae

38
Q

What do costovertebral joints connect?

A

The rib and the body of vertebrae

39
Q

What are the primary respiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm & intercostal muscles

40
Q

What is the structure of the diaphragm?

A

It is a sheet of skeletal muscle

41
Q

What does the diaphragm seperate?

A

The thorax and the abdomen

42
Q

How does the volume of the thoracic cavity change when the diaphragm contracts?

A

cavity expands - increased volume

43
Q

How does the volume of the thoracic cavity change when the diaphragm relaxes?

A

Cavity shrinks - decreased volume

44
Q

What is the shape of the diaphragm when contracted?

A

Flattened

45
Q

What is the shape of the diaphragm when relaxed?

A

Dome shaped

46
Q

What does contraction of the diaphragm do to the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

compresses it

47
Q

How do the intercostal muscles attach to the ribs?

A

Attach diagonally between neighbouring ribs

48
Q

What movement do the external intercostal muscles create?

A

They lift the rib cage and expand cavity

49
Q

What movement do the internal intercostal muscles create?

A

Depress rib cage and decrease cavity volume

50
Q

Which intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity?

A

External intercostals

51
Q

Which intercostal muscles decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

52
Q

What is the collective function of the accessory muscles of the thoracic cavity?

A

To increase or decrease cavity volume for forced inspiration or expiration

53
Q

What muscles are involved in normal, quiet inspiration?

A

Diaphragm contracts, external intercostals contract

54
Q

What muscles are involved in normal, quiet expiration?

A

Diaphragm relaxes, external intercostals relax

55
Q

What additional muscles are involved in active/forced inspiration?

A

Accessory muscles

56
Q

What additional muscles are involved in active/forced expiration?

A

Accessory muscles, internal intercostals

57
Q

What is the function of the pleura?

A

Lines the pleural cavity and makes the lungs stick to the thoracic wall as they expand during inspiration and decrease during expiration

58
Q

What part of the pleura is in contact with the lungs?

A

Visceral pleura

59
Q

What part of the pleura is in contact with the thoracic wall?

A

The parietal pleura

60
Q

Where does pleural fluid sit?

A

between the parietal and visceral pleura

61
Q

What is the function of pleural fluid?

A

Provides a slipper surface for frictionless movement against other structures. Fluid bond causes lungs to stick to the thoracic wall

HUBS192 2022 (38 decks)

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