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HUBS192 2022 > lecture 37 - female reproductive system 2 > Flashcards

lecture 37 - female reproductive system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Formation and development of the oocyte (female gamete) from oogonia

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2
Q

What are oogonia?

A

Immature female sex cells that give rise to primary oocytes via mitosis

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3
Q

What process is undergone by oogonia to form primary oocytes?

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

When are female gametes first produced?

A

Before birth

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5
Q

What do oocytes develop within?

A

Ovarian follicles

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6
Q

Is mitosis or meiosis involved in oogenesis?

A

Both - first mitosis and then meiosis in several stages

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7
Q

What is the name for the ‘stem cell’ that is contained within the ovary and gives rise to primary oocytes via mitosis?

A

Oogonium (pl. oogonia)

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8
Q

What does an oogonium give rise to during mitosis?

A

1 oogonium and a diploid primary oocyte

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9
Q

Are primary oocytes diploid or haploid?

A

diploid (2n)

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10
Q

What process is undergone by a primary oocyte?

A

DNA replication then meiosis 1

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11
Q

What are the products of meiosis 1 of a primary oocyte?

A

First polar body and a secondary oocyte

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12
Q

Are secondary oocytes diploid or haploid

A

Haploid (n)

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13
Q

What differentiates a secondary oocyte from the first polar body?

A

Secondary oocyte will under meiosis 2 to form an ovum, while the first polar body will not. Secondary oocyte has the organelles and cellular components needed for these processes.

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14
Q

What phase of meiosis is a secondary oocyte in when it is released during ovulation?

A

Metaphase II

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15
Q

What form is an oocyte in when it is released during ovulation?

A

As a secondary oocyte in metaphase of meiosis 2

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16
Q

Under what condition will a secondary oocyte/ovum complete meiosis II?

A

If fertilisation takes place

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17
Q

When is the population oogonia produced, and how?

A

Produced before birth only, via mitosis

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18
Q

What are primary oocytes encased in?

A

Primordial follicles

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19
Q

What process is undergone by the majority of primary oocytes that are unsuccessful in developing?

A

atresia

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20
Q

What is atresia?

A

The degeneration of follicles/oocytes that are not dominant during ovulation

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21
Q

What is the final state of gametes before birth?

A

primary oocytes at prophase 1 of meiosis

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22
Q

At what stage of meiosis do primary oocytes halt before birth and until puberty begins?

A

Meiosis 1 - prophase 1

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23
Q

How many oocytes do females have when they first undergo puberty?

A

300,000

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24
Q

What is menarche?

A

The fist occurrence of menstruation

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25
Q

What is menopause?

A

The cessation of menstruation

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26
Q

What hormone influences the recruitment os a small number of follicles in each ovarian cycle?

A

GnRH - Gonadrotropin releasing hormone

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27
Q

What follicle is the successful oocyte for an ovarian cycle contained within?

A

The dominant follicle

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28
Q

When does a primary oocyte complete meiosis 1?

A

During ovulation when it is within a recruited dominant follicle, will complete meiosis 1 to form a secondary oocyte (haploid) and the 1st polar body

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29
Q

When is a second polar body formed?

A

When it undergoes meiosis 2 alongside the secondary oocyte, though this may not always happen

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30
Q

When does meiosis 2 resume in a secondary oocyte released from an ovary and is fertilised?

A

When the sperm penetrates the plasma membrane of the ovum at fertilisation.

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31
Q

What happens to a secondary oocyte that is ovulated but never fertilised

A

Will degenerate in a process called atresia

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32
Q

How many polar bodies ultimately form from one primary oocyte?

A

3 - plus one ova

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33
Q

What are the inner cells of a follicle?

A

granulosa cells

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34
Q

What are the outer cells of a follicle?

A

Theca cells

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35
Q

What do the granulosa cells of follicles in the ovaries produce?

A

Estradiol and inhibin

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36
Q

Where is estradiol produced in a follicle?

A

The inner layer of granulosa cells

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37
Q

What part of a follicle is released from the ovary with the oocyte during ovulation?

A

The corona radiata

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38
Q

What are the 6 key female reproductive hormones?

A

GnRH, FSH, LH, Estradiol, Inhibin, Progesterone

39
Q

What is the role of FSH in the female reproductive system?

A

Stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles

40
Q

What is the role of LH in the female reproductive system?

A

A surge of LH is involved in the stimulation of ovulation and then LH causes the formation of the corpus luteum.

41
Q

What is the role of estradiol in the female reproductive system?

A

Assists in follicle growth, bone and muscle growth, endometrial growth, secondary sex characteristics, feedback to anterior pituitary a

42
Q

What hormones negatively feedback to the anterior pituitary (to reduce LH and FSH secretion) in the female reproductive system?

A

Estradiol, inhibin

43
Q

What hormone/s negatively feedbacks to the hypothalamus to inhibit GnRH release in the female reproductive system?

A

Progesterone

44
Q

What are the functions of progesterone?

A

Negatively feedback to suppress GnRH production (and therefore decrease FSH and LH production), endometrial maturation, maintains pregnant state

45
Q

What hormones are involved in endometrial growth and maturation?

A

Estradiol, progesterone

46
Q

What are the 2 key cycles in the female reproductive system?

A

The ovarian and menstrual cycles

47
Q

What is the function of the ovarian cycle?

A

To prepare an oocyte/ova for fertilisation

48
Q

What is the purpose of the menstrual cycle?

A

To prepare the endometrium for embryo implantation

49
Q

What is menarche orchestrated by?

A

An increase in sex steroid production (estrogens) in the gonads

50
Q

What hormones are reduced during menopause?

A

Estradiol and progesterone

51
Q

Why are estradiol and progesterone reduced during menopause?

A

There is a lack of response by follicles, meaning none of these hormones are secreted by the developing follicles

52
Q

What is the effect on FSH and LH during menopause?

A

Decreased estradiol means less negative feedback to the anterior pituitary, resulting in high levels of FSH and LH

53
Q

What are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular/preovulatory, Luteal/post ovulatory

54
Q

How many days is the ovarian cycle?

A

28 days approx.

55
Q

What days of the ovarian cycle is the follicular phase?

A

Day 1-14

56
Q

What days of the ovarian cycle is the luteal phase?

A

Days 15 - 28

57
Q

How do FSH levels change during the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle?

A

Increase to stimulate follicular growth - help recruit a small cohort of follicles

58
Q

How do estradiol levels change during the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle?

A

Increase as the growing follicles secrete estradiol

59
Q

How do inhibin levels change during the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle?

A

Increase as the growing follicles release inhibin

60
Q

What causes the decrease of FSH during the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle?

A

Estradiol and inhibin, though originally stimulated by FSH, inhibit FSH secretion via negative feedback on the anterior pituitary.

61
Q

What is the result of high estradiol levels (released by the dominant follicle) in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Stimulates a surge of LH via positive feedback

62
Q

What causes the surge of LH at the end of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Estradiol released by the follicle increases LH by acting on the anterior pituitary via positive feedback

63
Q

When does ovulation occur, in terms of the ovarian cycle?

A

At the end of the follicular phase, due to a large surge in LH caused by high estradiol levels.

64
Q

What occurs during the ovulation event?

A

Follicle ruptures, there is a release of fluid and then the oocyte, which enters the peritoneal space and then uterine tube.

65
Q

What happens to the ovulated follicle during the luteal phase of the ovulatory cycle?

A

Ovulated follicle collapse and forms the corpus luteum and then corpus albicans

66
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Progesterone, estradiol and inhibin

67
Q

How do progesterone levels change during the luteal stage of the ovarian cycle?

A

Increase to peak then decrease again

68
Q

How do estradiol levels change during the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle?

A

Increase to peak then decrease again

69
Q

How do inhibin levels change during the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle?

A

Increase to peak then decrease again

70
Q

What is the result of increase estradiol and inhibin at the very beginning of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Decrease FSH and LH via negative feedback to the anterior pituitary. This causes negative feedback to the hypothalamus, decreasing GnRH release.

71
Q

How do GnRH levels change during the luteal stage of the ovarian cycle, assuming fertilisation do not occur?

A

decrease from peak and then slight increase at the end

72
Q

How do LH levels change during the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle, assuming fertilisation does not occur?

A

Decrease from peak then slight increase at the end

73
Q

How do FSH levels change during the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle, assuming fertilisation does not occur?

A

decrease from peak then slight increase at end

74
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilisation and implantation do not occur?

A

The corpus luteum involutes (decreases in size via cell death) via luteolysis to form the corpus albicans

75
Q

What are the 3 phases of the menstrual/endometrial cycles?

A

Menstrual, proliferative, secretory

76
Q

What days of the menstrual cycle do the menstrual and proliferative phases fall on?

A

Days 1-14

77
Q

What days of the menstrual cycle does the secretory phase fall on?

A

Day 15-28

78
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

From days 1-6, the endometrium breaks down and bleeds during menstruation

79
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Estradiol stimulates endometrial growth from days 6-14 (approx.) of the cycle

80
Q

What hormone stimulates endometrial growth during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Estradiol

81
Q

What key features of the endometrium grow during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Glands and vasculature - spiral arterioles

82
Q

How do estradiol levels change during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Remain fairly constant - are low because not in proliferative phase yet

83
Q

How do inhibin levels change during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

remain fairly constant and low - follicle is still in early stage of development so excretion is small

84
Q

How do progesterone levels change during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

remain fairly constant and low

85
Q

How do estradiol levels change during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Increase to stimulate endometrial growth

86
Q

How do inhibin levels change during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Increase as the follicle continues to grow

87
Q

How do progesterone levels change during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

increase slightly towards the end

88
Q

How do estradiol levels change during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Peaked at the beginning of the phase then decrease before a smaller peak in the middle

89
Q

How do progesterone levels change during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Peak in the middle of the phase

90
Q

How do inhibin levels change during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Peak in the middle of the phase

91
Q

Why do progesterone levels increase during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Coincides with corpus luteum formation after ovulation. Corpus luteum secretes progesterone for endometrial maturation in the secretory phase

92
Q

What is the function of progesterone in the secretory phase of menstruation?

A

Promotes endometrial maturation, gland secretion and spiral arterioles growth

93
Q

What happens at the end of the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle if fertilisation and implantation do not occur?

A

Corpus luteum atrophies, progesterone levels off (because will otherwise remain high to facilitate a pregnancy), spiral arteries contract, endometrium breaks down and is shed via the cervix and vagina.

HUBS192 2022 (38 decks)

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