lecture 5

Question 1

anxiety

Answer 1

an apprehension over an anticipated problem/future threat

Question 2

fear

Answer 2

reaction to immediate danger- threat happening now

Question 3

fear is fundamental for

Answer 3

fight or flight

Question 4

anxiety helps us to

Answer 4

notice and plan for future threats

Question 5

arousal shows an

Answer 5

inverted u shaped relationship with performance- heroes dodson effect

Question 6

clinical description of anxiety disorders

Answer 6

All anxiety disorders share excessively high frequent anxiety- experience unusually intense fear

Question 7

symptoms must

Answer 7

interfere with important areas of functioning /cause distress

Question 8

phobias

Answer 8

fear of objects/situations that is out of proportion to any real danger. tried to be avoided

Question 9

phobias symptoms must persist for at least

Answer 9

6 months

Question 10

social anxiety disorder

Answer 10

fear of unfamiliar people or social scrutiny

Question 11

panic disorder

Answer 11

recurrent unexpected panic attacks - unrelated to specific situations - sudden attack of apprehension, terror and feelings of impending doom

Question 12

agoraphobia

Answer 12

fear or anxiety about at least 2 situations where it would be difficult to escape or receive help

Question 13

generalised anxiety disorder

Answer 13

excessive anxiety and worry at least 50% of days about a number of events

Question 14

gender as a risk factor

Answer 14

women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed - more likely to report their symptoms

Question 15

mowers two factor model of anxiety disorder

Answer 15

classical conditioning - person learns to fear a neutral stimulus that is paired with an aversive stimulus
operant - person gains relief by avoiding the CS

Question 16

other ways how anxiety might develop

Answer 16

direct experience, observation of another verbal instruction

Question 17

genetic factors twin studies

Answer 17

suggest a heritability of 20-40% for specific phobias , social anxiety and generalised disorder and about 50% for panic disorder

Question 18

neurobiological factors

Answer 18

amygdala seems to be particularly activated among people with anxiety disorder
less activity in the media prefrontal cortex

Question 19

ris factor - cognitive factor

Answer 19

sustained negative beliefs about the future , lack of perceived control and attention to threat

Question 20

model of the development of panic disorder

Answer 20

neurobiological panic attack involves activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 21

panic disorder cognitive factor

Answer 21

catastrophic misinterpretation of these somatic changes

Question 22

medication to reduce anxiety

Answer 22

two types of medication are most commonly used- Benzodiazepines and antidepressants

Question 23

antidepressants are preferred over Bz’s because

Answer 23

less side effects - most people relapse when stop taking medication

Question 24

combining treatments-

Answer 24

medication with psychological treatments

Question 25

exposure therapy

Answer 25

a person must face up the source of their fear with the aim of extinction- learning new associations with regard to the feared object

Question 26

systematic desensitisation

Answer 26

taught relaxation techniques

confronted with a list of gradually more frightening stimuli

Question 27

flooding

Answer 27

relaxation technique - direct exposure immediately

Question 28

David clark developed

Answer 28

a version of cognitive therapy - helps people learn to not focus on attention-combat their negative thinking

Question 29

treatment of panic disorder

Answer 29

panic control therapy - based on the tendency to overreact to the bodily sensations associated with panic

Question 30

treatment of agoraphobia

Answer 30

systematic exposure to feared situations - more effective when the person is involved

Question 31

CBT

Answer 31

detailed clinical interview, self monitoring homework assignments , direct observation

Question 32

CBT assessment should include

Answer 32

identify cognitions, identify behaviours and feelings and physical responses

Question 33

ellis ABC model

Answer 33

peoples assumptions are irrational- triggered by negative events. activating event, beliefs and consequences

Question 34

problem maintenance

Answer 34

safety behaviours - avoidance are intended to avoid or reduce anxiety