lecture 4

Question 1

aetiology

Answer 1

study of the causation/origination of a disorder

Question 2

diathesis stress model

Answer 2

genetics and environment

Question 3

heritability twin studies

Answer 3

37% for MDD

93% for bipolar disorder

Question 4

2 polymorphisms related to vulnerability to develop MDD

Answer 4

polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene and DRD4-2 gene- influence of dopamine

Question 5

neurotransmitters initial assumption

Answer 5

absolute level of serotonin , dopamine in the synaptic cleft are associated with mood disorders either too high or low

Question 6

depression is associated with

Answer 6

low dopamine and serotonin

Question 7

mania is associated with

Answer 7

high dopamine and low serotonin

Question 8

people with insensitive receptors experience

Answer 8

depressive symptoms as levels of serotonin drop

Question 9

amygdala processes

Answer 9

emotions particularly fear- help assess how emotionally important a stimulus is

Question 10

hippocampus what kind of activity for people with depression

Answer 10

diminished

Question 11

overactivity in amygdala means

Answer 11

oversensitivity to emotionally relevant stimuli

Question 12

hippocampus is related to

Answer 12

learning and memory

Question 13

hpa axis does not seem to respond well to

Answer 13

biological signals to decrease cortisol levels

Question 14

over secretion of cortisol results in

Answer 14

more people experiencing depressive symptoms

Question 15

animal study evidence

Answer 15

cortisol levels high = depressive symptoms

Question 16

social factors affecting depression

Answer 16

stressful life events, expressed emotion ,

Question 17

expressed emotion

Answer 17

family members critical/hostile comments towards the person with depression
high ee = relapse

Question 18

cognitive factor

Answer 18

becks negative triad- negative views of the self world and future

Question 19

hopelessness theory

Answer 19

expectation that a desirable outcome will not occur- expectation that one has no skills available to change the situation - locus of control

Question 20

rumination theory

Answer 20

tendency to ruminate- dwell on sad thoughts = increase risk of depression

Question 21

treatment approaches for MDD cognitive therapy

Answer 21

depression is caused by Negative schemas and cognitive biases

Question 22

what is cognitive therapys aim

Answer 22

alter maladaptive thought patterns

Question 23

behavioural activation therapy

Answer 23

caused by a lack of positive experiences - low levels of positive reinforcement

Question 24

aim of behavioural activation therapy

Answer 24

increase participation in positively reinforcing activities

Question 25

interpersonal therapy

Answer 25

due to the inability to communicate with others

Question 26

aim of interpersonal therapy

Answer 26

to identify major interpersonal problems and find solutions - one to one therapy

Question 27

behavioural couples therapy

Answer 27

caused by relationship problems - works to improve communication and relationship satisfaction

Question 28

biological treatment of mood disorders

Answer 28

medication and electroconvulsive therapy

Question 29

drugs

Answer 29

50-70% show major improvement but a strong placebo effect

Question 30

electroconvulsive therapy for depression

Answer 30

ECT is only used to treat people with MDD that have not responded to medication. 90% response rate but risk of short term confusion and memory loss

Question 31

combining treatment for MDD

Answer 31

psychotherapy and antidepressants - improve chances of recovery by more than 10-20% above either one treatment alone