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Brain and behaviour term 1 > lecture 2 > Flashcards

lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

mental illness is still

A

stigmatised- labels are applied- distinguishes individuals- undesirable attributes

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2
Q

biological approaches of the 19th century

A

biological causes of types of psychopathology- gained credibility

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3
Q

galton

A

originator of genetic research with twins- coined the term nature/nurture and eugenics movement

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4
Q

19th century treatment

A

bloodletting-withdrawal of blood and hydrotherapy- continuous bath- hours to days at 33 degrees

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5
Q

treating hysteria

A

hypnosis- psychological approach

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6
Q

mesmer

A

hysteria caused by a particular distribution of a universal magnetic fluid in the body

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7
Q

charcot

A

developed hypnosis

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8
Q

breuer

A

cathartic method- treated patient anna o = reprocessing under hypnosis - reliving an earlier emotional trauma- release emotional tension by expressing previously forgotten thoughts

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9
Q

paradigm

A

conceptual framework/approach within which a scientist works

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10
Q

freud

A

psychoanalysis- human behaviour is determined by forces that are inaccessible to awareness-

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11
Q

psychopathology results

A

from unconscious conflicts within the individual

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12
Q

mind is divided into

A

ego, superego and id

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13
Q

id

A

unconscious level- pleasure principle. gratification from satisfying basic instincts

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14
Q

ego

A

primarily conscious- reality principle.satisfy the demands of the id and superego

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15
Q

superego

A

persons conscience- morality principle- motivates us to behave in a socially responsible way. develops phallic stage

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16
Q

defence mechanism

A

psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising

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17
Q

psychoanalysis

A

understand persons early childhood experience by making repressed memories consciously aware of

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18
Q

free association

A

technique to help people explore their repressed memories / unconscious conflcits

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19
Q

behaviourism

A

focuses on observable behaviour rather than on consciousness- all behaviour is acquried

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20
Q

extinction

A

when the CS is no longer followed by UCS

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21
Q

positive reinforcement

A

strengthened by a pleasant effect

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22
Q

negative reinforcement

A

strengthened by removal of n aversive event

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23
Q

modelling

A

learn by watching and imitation

24
Q

behaviour therapy

A

systematic desensitisation - treat phobias and anxiety

25
Q

systematic desensitisation

A

relaxation technique, gradual exposure in imagination to a list of increasingly feared situations

26
Q

exposure therapy in vivo

A

flooding

27
Q

cognitive therapy

A

more aware of maladaptive way of thinking- change feelings and behaviours

28
Q

becks cognitive theory

A

negative view of self, world and future

29
Q

elis rational emotive therapy aims to

A

eliminate self defeating beliefs and reconsider irrational high demands

30
Q

emotional reactions are caused by

A

internal sentences people repeat to themselves

31
Q

genetic paradigms

A

behaviours are inheritable

32
Q

gene

A

carriers of genetic information

33
Q

gene expression

A

process by which genes make proteins that in turn make up the body and brain

34
Q

heritability

A

extent / degree to which variation is due to genetic variation

35
Q

shared environment

A

factors that make family members similar

36
Q

non shared

A

factors that make family members different

37
Q

genotype

A

total genetic makeup of an individual

38
Q

phenotype

A

total of observable physical and behavioural characteristics

39
Q

polymorphism

A

refers to a difference in dna sequence on a gene that occurs in a population

40
Q

copy number variations

A

abnormal copy of one or more sections of dna within the genes - addition and deletion

41
Q

gene environment interaction

A

genes influence peoples sensitivity to an environmental event

42
Q

neuroscience paradigm

A

concerned with how the brain contributes to psychopathology

43
Q

agonist/antagonist

A

drug either stimulates/dampen the activity of that neurotransmitter

44
Q

secondary messenger

A

released by the receptor - when a cell is firing more frequently- help a neuron adjust receptor sensitivity when its overly active

45
Q

grey matter

A

thin outer covering of the brain - consist of neurons

46
Q

white matter

A

large tracts of fibres that connect cortex with spinal cord and other centres

47
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

involved in executive functions- planning behaviour , direction of attention, working memory - helps regulate amygdala

48
Q

limbic system

A

supports visceral and physical expression of emotion

49
Q

amygdala

A

area for attention on emotionally salient stimuli and memory

50
Q

corpus callosum

A

major connection between the two hemispheres - band of nerve fibres

51
Q

thalamus

A

relay station for all sensory pathways except the olfactory - from different sensory areas to cortex

52
Q

brainstem

A

neural relay station - comprised of the pons and medulla oblongata

53
Q

cerebellum

A

info received and integrated relates to balance , posture and smooth coordination of the body

54
Q

hpa axis

A

hypothalamus releases CRF which communicate with the pituitary gland- release ADH travel to adrenal gland - releases cortisol -response to stress

55
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic system- fight or flight
parasympathetic - rest and digest
operates without awareness and quickly

Brain and behaviour term 1 (36 decks)

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