lecture 2

Question 1

mental illness is still

Answer 1

stigmatised- labels are applied- distinguishes individuals- undesirable attributes

Question 2

biological approaches of the 19th century

Answer 2

biological causes of types of psychopathology- gained credibility

Question 3

galton

Answer 3

originator of genetic research with twins- coined the term nature/nurture and eugenics movement

Question 4

19th century treatment

Answer 4

bloodletting-withdrawal of blood and hydrotherapy- continuous bath- hours to days at 33 degrees

Question 5

treating hysteria

Answer 5

hypnosis- psychological approach

Question 6

mesmer

Answer 6

hysteria caused by a particular distribution of a universal magnetic fluid in the body

Question 7

charcot

Answer 7

developed hypnosis

Question 8

breuer

Answer 8

cathartic method- treated patient anna o = reprocessing under hypnosis - reliving an earlier emotional trauma- release emotional tension by expressing previously forgotten thoughts

Question 9

paradigm

Answer 9

conceptual framework/approach within which a scientist works

Question 10

freud

Answer 10

psychoanalysis- human behaviour is determined by forces that are inaccessible to awareness-

Question 11

psychopathology results

Answer 11

from unconscious conflicts within the individual

Question 12

mind is divided into

Answer 12

ego, superego and id

Question 13

id

Answer 13

unconscious level- pleasure principle. gratification from satisfying basic instincts

Question 14

ego

Answer 14

primarily conscious- reality principle.satisfy the demands of the id and superego

Question 15

superego

Answer 15

persons conscience- morality principle- motivates us to behave in a socially responsible way. develops phallic stage

Question 16

defence mechanism

Answer 16

psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising

Question 17

psychoanalysis

Answer 17

understand persons early childhood experience by making repressed memories consciously aware of

Question 18

free association

Answer 18

technique to help people explore their repressed memories / unconscious conflcits

Question 19

behaviourism

Answer 19

focuses on observable behaviour rather than on consciousness- all behaviour is acquried

Question 20

extinction

Answer 20

when the CS is no longer followed by UCS

Question 21

positive reinforcement

Answer 21

strengthened by a pleasant effect

Question 22

negative reinforcement

Answer 22

strengthened by removal of n aversive event

Question 23

modelling

Answer 23

learn by watching and imitation

Question 24

behaviour therapy

Answer 24

systematic desensitisation - treat phobias and anxiety

Question 25

systematic desensitisation

Answer 25

relaxation technique, gradual exposure in imagination to a list of increasingly feared situations

Question 26

exposure therapy in vivo

Answer 26

flooding

Question 27

cognitive therapy

Answer 27

more aware of maladaptive way of thinking- change feelings and behaviours

Question 28

becks cognitive theory

Answer 28

negative view of self, world and future

Question 29

elis rational emotive therapy aims to

Answer 29

eliminate self defeating beliefs and reconsider irrational high demands

Question 30

emotional reactions are caused by

Answer 30

internal sentences people repeat to themselves

Question 31

genetic paradigms

Answer 31

behaviours are inheritable

Question 32

gene

Answer 32

carriers of genetic information

Question 33

gene expression

Answer 33

process by which genes make proteins that in turn make up the body and brain

Question 34

heritability

Answer 34

extent / degree to which variation is due to genetic variation

Question 35

shared environment

Answer 35

factors that make family members similar

Question 36

non shared

Answer 36

factors that make family members different

Question 37

genotype

Answer 37

total genetic makeup of an individual

Question 38

phenotype

Answer 38

total of observable physical and behavioural characteristics

Question 39

polymorphism

Answer 39

refers to a difference in dna sequence on a gene that occurs in a population

Question 40

copy number variations

Answer 40

abnormal copy of one or more sections of dna within the genes - addition and deletion

Question 41

gene environment interaction

Answer 41

genes influence peoples sensitivity to an environmental event

Question 42

neuroscience paradigm

Answer 42

concerned with how the brain contributes to psychopathology

Question 43

agonist/antagonist

Answer 43

drug either stimulates/dampen the activity of that neurotransmitter

Question 44

secondary messenger

Answer 44

released by the receptor - when a cell is firing more frequently- help a neuron adjust receptor sensitivity when its overly active

Question 45

grey matter

Answer 45

thin outer covering of the brain - consist of neurons

Question 46

white matter

Answer 46

large tracts of fibres that connect cortex with spinal cord and other centres

Question 47

prefrontal cortex

Answer 47

involved in executive functions- planning behaviour , direction of attention, working memory - helps regulate amygdala

Question 48

limbic system

Answer 48

supports visceral and physical expression of emotion

Question 49

amygdala

Answer 49

area for attention on emotionally salient stimuli and memory

Question 50

corpus callosum

Answer 50

major connection between the two hemispheres - band of nerve fibres

Question 51

thalamus

Answer 51

relay station for all sensory pathways except the olfactory - from different sensory areas to cortex

Question 52

brainstem

Answer 52

neural relay station - comprised of the pons and medulla oblongata

Question 53

cerebellum

Answer 53

info received and integrated relates to balance , posture and smooth coordination of the body

Question 54

hpa axis

Answer 54

hypothalamus releases CRF which communicate with the pituitary gland- release ADH travel to adrenal gland - releases cortisol -response to stress

Question 55

autonomic nervous system

Answer 55

sympathetic system- fight or flight parasympathetic - rest and digest operates without awareness and quickly