lecture 2 Flashcards
mental illness is still
stigmatised- labels are applied- distinguishes individuals- undesirable attributes
biological approaches of the 19th century
biological causes of types of psychopathology- gained credibility
galton
originator of genetic research with twins- coined the term nature/nurture and eugenics movement
19th century treatment
bloodletting-withdrawal of blood and hydrotherapy- continuous bath- hours to days at 33 degrees
treating hysteria
hypnosis- psychological approach
mesmer
hysteria caused by a particular distribution of a universal magnetic fluid in the body
charcot
developed hypnosis
breuer
cathartic method- treated patient anna o = reprocessing under hypnosis - reliving an earlier emotional trauma- release emotional tension by expressing previously forgotten thoughts
paradigm
conceptual framework/approach within which a scientist works
freud
psychoanalysis- human behaviour is determined by forces that are inaccessible to awareness-
psychopathology results
from unconscious conflicts within the individual
mind is divided into
ego, superego and id
id
unconscious level- pleasure principle. gratification from satisfying basic instincts
ego
primarily conscious- reality principle.satisfy the demands of the id and superego
superego
persons conscience- morality principle- motivates us to behave in a socially responsible way. develops phallic stage
defence mechanism
psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising
psychoanalysis
understand persons early childhood experience by making repressed memories consciously aware of
free association
technique to help people explore their repressed memories / unconscious conflcits
behaviourism
focuses on observable behaviour rather than on consciousness- all behaviour is acquried
extinction
when the CS is no longer followed by UCS
positive reinforcement
strengthened by a pleasant effect
negative reinforcement
strengthened by removal of n aversive event
modelling
learn by watching and imitation
behaviour therapy
systematic desensitisation - treat phobias and anxiety
systematic desensitisation
relaxation technique, gradual exposure in imagination to a list of increasingly feared situations
exposure therapy in vivo
flooding
cognitive therapy
more aware of maladaptive way of thinking- change feelings and behaviours
becks cognitive theory
negative view of self, world and future
elis rational emotive therapy aims to
eliminate self defeating beliefs and reconsider irrational high demands
emotional reactions are caused by
internal sentences people repeat to themselves
genetic paradigms
behaviours are inheritable
gene
carriers of genetic information
gene expression
process by which genes make proteins that in turn make up the body and brain
heritability
extent / degree to which variation is due to genetic variation
shared environment
factors that make family members similar
non shared
factors that make family members different
genotype
total genetic makeup of an individual
phenotype
total of observable physical and behavioural characteristics
polymorphism
refers to a difference in dna sequence on a gene that occurs in a population
copy number variations
abnormal copy of one or more sections of dna within the genes - addition and deletion
gene environment interaction
genes influence peoples sensitivity to an environmental event
neuroscience paradigm
concerned with how the brain contributes to psychopathology
agonist/antagonist
drug either stimulates/dampen the activity of that neurotransmitter
secondary messenger
released by the receptor - when a cell is firing more frequently- help a neuron adjust receptor sensitivity when its overly active
grey matter
thin outer covering of the brain - consist of neurons
white matter
large tracts of fibres that connect cortex with spinal cord and other centres
prefrontal cortex
involved in executive functions- planning behaviour , direction of attention, working memory - helps regulate amygdala
limbic system
supports visceral and physical expression of emotion
amygdala
area for attention on emotionally salient stimuli and memory
corpus callosum
major connection between the two hemispheres - band of nerve fibres
thalamus
relay station for all sensory pathways except the olfactory - from different sensory areas to cortex
brainstem
neural relay station - comprised of the pons and medulla oblongata
cerebellum
info received and integrated relates to balance , posture and smooth coordination of the body
hpa axis
hypothalamus releases CRF which communicate with the pituitary gland- release ADH travel to adrenal gland - releases cortisol -response to stress
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic system- fight or flight
parasympathetic - rest and digest
operates without awareness and quickly
