lecture 2

Question 1

sensory neurons

Answer 1

send signals /nerve impulses to the spinal cord

Question 2

interneurons

Answer 2

links the sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord

Question 3

motor neurons

Answer 3

send signals from the CNS to the muscles/glands

Question 4

specialised receptor cells

Answer 4

repsond to changes in the environment

Question 5

we only sense things when they

Answer 5

are changing

sensory adaptation - getting used to a specific stimulus

Question 6

sensory neurons from all over the body

Answer 6

send myelinated axons into the spinal cord

Question 7

neurons transmitting precisely localised info

Answer 7

• axons reach the top of the spinal cord - medulla (entrance to the Brain)

Question 8

neurons transmitting poorly localised in

Answer 8

axons synapse immediately with other neurons

Question 9

sensory neurons from the head send axons directly into the

Answer 9

brain via cranial nerves (nerves emerging from the brain)

Question 10

all signals are transmitted via

Answer 10

several relay stations

Question 11

the retina contains

Answer 11

photoreceptors which convert light into am electrical impulse

Question 12

the retina sends signals to the

Answer 12

thalamus

Question 13

what is the retina made up of

Answer 13

photoreceptors , bipolar cells and ganglion cells

Question 14

at each stage signals are

Answer 14

integrated with signals from lower processing levels , same level or higher level

Question 15

integration

Answer 15

several photoreceptors converse onto a bipolar cell

Question 16

information processing

Answer 16

the combined input determines if the cell becomes active

Question 17

brainstem

Answer 17

hindbrain and midbrain (without cerebellum)

Question 18

midbrain

Answer 18

mesencephalon- above pons

combines info from different senses and directs attention

Question 19

the midbrain contains

Answer 19

several nuclei of the Autonomic NS- clusters of cell bodies are found in the medulla and pons

Question 20

hindbrain

Answer 20

rhombencephalon - medulla , pons and cerebellum

Question 21

what his above the brainstem

Answer 21

diencephalon - gateway into the forebrain

Question 22

thalamus

Answer 22

main relay station for all incoming sensory signals
receives downward going signals from the higher areas(visual cortex)
modulates relay of sensory signals

Question 23

hypothalamus

Answer 23

small structure in front of and below the thalamus

directly connected to the pituitary gland - master gland of the ES- gateway to ES

Question 24

In the forebrain is the

Answer 24

telencephalon - outer part
surrounds the diencephalon
main feature is the cerebral hemispheres

Question 25

from the diencephalon , incoming signals

Answer 25

go to the cerebrum which is divided into two highly similar hemispheres - each covered in cerebral cortex - thin layers of neurons and contains sub cortical nuclei

Question 26

grey matter

Answer 26

neurones cell bodies

Question 27

white matter

Answer 27

neurons myelinated axons

Question 28

functional organisation of the cerebrum

Answer 28

each hemisphere mainly receives input from contralateral side of the body sends output to contralateral life of the body

Question 29

basal ganglia

Answer 29

group of nuclei surrounding the thalamus which is involved in motor control

Question 30

basal ganglia - consists of what nuclei

Answer 30

globus pallindus putamen caudate

Question 31

amygdala is

Answer 31

closely connected to the basal ganglia | functionally part of the limbic system

Question 32

the limbic system is composed of structures in the brain that deals with

Answer 32

emotions , memory and arousal

Question 33

the limbic system connects

Answer 33

the olfactory system hypothalamus sensory cortical areas

Question 34

cerebral cortex

Answer 34

thin layers of neurons covering the whole hemisphere

Question 35

corpus callosum

Answer 35

thick bundle of axons connecting the two hemispheres - virtually all signal transfer between hemispheres occur here

Question 36

cerebral cortex is

Answer 36

highly folded

Question 37

what are the lobes of the brain

Answer 37

occipital temporal parietal frontal

Question 38

frontal

Answer 38

at the front - planning and motor output

Question 39

occipital

Answer 39

at the back - visual perception

Question 40

temporal

Answer 40

at the side- auditory perception

Question 41

parietal

Answer 41

at the top - somatosensory perception

Question 42

signal interpretation depend on the

Answer 42

location in therein where it arrives

Question 43

topographic representation of a somtotopic map

Answer 43

projection of the body surface onto a brain that is responsible for our sense of touch -somatosensory cortex

Question 44

retinotopic map

Answer 44

visual signals from neighbouring retinal positions arrive at neighbouring positions in the primary visual Cortex

Question 45

tonotopic map

Answer 45

auditory signals from adjacent areas of the cochlea arrive at adjacent areas in the primary auditory cortex

Question 46

neutron only transmit signals

Answer 46

in one direction - from dendrites to terminals

Question 47

motor output - supplementary and premotor cortices

Answer 47

planning and monitoring

Question 48

primary motor cortex

Answer 48

final output stage - execution of movement

Question 49

prefrontal cortex

Answer 49

covers frontal lobe - planning complex behaviour , decision making

Question 50

somatosensory cortex

Answer 50

parietal lobe - processes static sensations - position of the body in space

Question 51

posterior parietal cortex

Answer 51

spatial reasoning

Question 52

subcortical areas

Answer 52

basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 53

basal ganglia

Answer 53

modulate movements involved in selective inhibition of movements

Question 54

cerebellum

Answer 54

posture and balance

Question 55

subcortical areas

Answer 55

basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 56

basal ganglia

Answer 56

modulate movements , particularly involved in selective inhibition of movements