Lecture 23 - Spirochete

Question 1

Leptospira: Gram

Answer 1

Negative

Question 2

What is leptospira stained with?

Answer 2

Silver stain within the tissues

Question 3

Why does fetal tissue and placenta need to be handled with care if lepto is thought to be the cause?

Answer 3

Zoonotic

Question 4

Where can lepto be found in the environment?

Answer 4

Standing water

Question 5

When is lepto most commonly found in the environment?

Answer 5

Late spring to late fall

Question 6

Where are the two places that lepto is found in vivo?

Answer 6

renal tubules and genital tracts

Question 7

What samples should be collected when lepto is suspected?

Answer 7

Blood +/- urine from dam
Fetal - liver, kidney, and spleen
Placenta

Question 8

What is seen in a cow fetus of a cow infected with lepto?

Answer 8

Fetal autolysis + icteric

Icteric + Edematous placenta

Question 9

What are non-infectious differentials for lepto?

Answer 9

Vit. + Mineral imbalances 
Plant toxins (pine needles, locoweed, broom weed)

Question 10

What are infectious differentials for lepto?

Answer 10

Neospora cranium
BVDV
Brucella abortus
IBR

Question 11

At what point of gestation does BVDV infection take place?

Answer 11

> 125 days

Question 12

At what point of gestation does Lepto infection take place?

Answer 12

> 180 days

Question 13

At what point of gestation does Brucella abortus take place?

Answer 13

> 210 days

Question 14

At what point of gestation does IBR take place?

Answer 14

> 4 months

Question 15

What are the two species of lepto?

Answer 15

Interrogans + Borgpetersenii

Question 16

Which lepto species has serovars?

Answer 16

Interrogans

Question 17

What are the serovars of interrogans?

Answer 17

Hardjo
Grippotyphosa 
Canicola 
Icterohaemorrhagia 
Pomona
Bratislava

Question 18

Lepto maintenance host: Hardjo

Answer 18

Ruminants

Question 19

Lepto maintenance host: Grippotyphosa

Answer 19

Rodents

Question 20

Lepto maintenance host: Canicola

Answer 20

Dogs

Question 21

Lepto maintenance host: Icterohaemorrhagica

Answer 21

Rodents

Question 22

Lepto maintenance host: Pomona

Answer 22

Pigs + Cattle

Question 23

Lepto maintenance host: Bratislava

Answer 23

Pigs + Equine

Question 24

Lepto Incidental Host: Hardjo

Answer 24

Humans

Question 25

Lepto Incidental Host: Grippotyphosa

Answer 25

Domestics

Question 26

Lepto Incidental Host: Canicola

Answer 26

Pigs + Cattle

Question 27

Lepto Incidental Host: Icterohaemorrhagia

Answer 27

Domestics

Question 28

Lepto Incidental Host: Pomona

Answer 28

Equine + K9

Question 29

Lepto Incidental Host: Bratislava

Answer 29

K9

Question 30

What are the clinical signs in large animals in regards to lepto?

Answer 30

Primary - Reproductive | Secondary - Renal

Question 31

What is thought to be caused by lepto in horses?

Answer 31

Moon blindness

Question 32

What are the clinical signs of a lepto infection in small animals?

Answer 32

Primary - Renal | Secondary - Hepatic

Question 33

Where does leptospira invade the tissues?

Answer 33

Mucous membranes

Question 34

Where does leptospira tend to localize once in the body?

Answer 34

Urogential tract

Question 35

What pathologies does leptrospira cause?

Answer 35

Plasma + Lymphocytic nephritis Focal necrosis (hepatic + pulmonary) Diffuse hemorrhage + thrombosis

Question 36

What are the three ways that an organism can contract lepto?

Answer 36

Contaminated water Direct contact with urine from shedding animal Contact with fetal and placental tissues

Question 37

What medications are used to treat lepto?

Answer 37

Tetracyclines (Oxytetrocycline + Doxycylcine) | 1 to 2 weeks

Question 38

What are the possible symptoms of lyme infection?

Answer 38

Intermittent, lamness Progressive lethargy Mild pain in rear coxofemoral joint upon palpitation Renal + Neurological signs

Question 39

What are non-infectious differentials for a possible lyme infection?

Answer 39

MPL Spinal issues Immune mediated polyarthirtis

Question 40

What are infectious differentials for a possible lyme infection?

Answer 40

Valley fever Blastomycosis Ehrlichia

Question 41

What test should be ran in this case?

Answer 41

Radiographs CBC/Chem Serology UA

Question 42

What ticks carry borrelia spp.?

Answer 42

Ixodes spp.

Question 43

What is on the surface of borrelia spp. that allows it to survive so well?

Answer 43

Outer surface proteins | OspA + OspC

Question 44

What does OspA do?

Answer 44

Allows borrelia to live in the ticks GI tract

Question 45

What does OspC do?

Answer 45

Allows for host invasion

Question 46

What Borrelia is most common in North America?

Answer 46

B. Burgdorferi

Question 47

What Borrelia is most common in Europe?

Answer 47

B. afzelii -- and -- B. Garinii

Question 48

What type of distribution is seen with Borrelia?

Answer 48

Peripherial

Question 49

What is the treatment for Borrelia?

Answer 49

Tetracycline