Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bacteriology > Lecture 13 - Bacillus + Clostridium > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Bacillus + Clostridium Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics that Bacillus and Clostridium share?

A

Gram+
Endospore forming
Produce Powerful toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the differing general characterisitics of Bacillus?

A

Catalase +

Aerobes + Facultative anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the four important baccillus strains important to us?

A

Anthracis
Cereus
Subtilis
Licheniformis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the general cell morphology of bacillus?

A

Large rectangular rods with square ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When are bacillus spores formed?

A

Nutrient deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of agar does bacillus like to grow on?

A

Non-enriched media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bacillus Catalase/Oxidase results

A

Postive

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is virulence carried in bacillus?

A

Plasmid content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does B. licheniformis effect? What symptoms are seen?

A

Sheep/Cattle

Emerging sporadic abortions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is B. Cereus associated with?

A

Oppurtunistic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What symptoms are seen with B. Cereus?

A

Abortions + Bovine mastitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is seen with B. thuringienisis?

A

Lepidopetra pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does it mean to be oxidase negative?

A

No cytochrome C oxidase

Replace by other cytochrome oxidase in ETC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the oxygen preference of bacteria that is oxidase negative?

A

Aerobic + Faculative anaerobic + Anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does it mean to be oxidase positive?

A

Cyto C in ETC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the oxygen preference of a bacteria that is oxidase postive?

A

Aerobic, O2 is used as the final electron donor

BUT DONT HAVE TO BE STRICT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an unique structure of B. antracis?

A

Antiphagocytic capsule made of polyglutamic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the S layer NOT?

A

Not a virulence factor
Does not make slime
Ab’s formed to S-layer NOT protective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What soil type does B. anthracis like?

A

Alkaline soils with high nitrogen content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What material is essential for spore production?

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two plasmid types found in B. anthracis?

A

pX01 + px02

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is pxO2 responsible for?

A

Capsule, inhibiting phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is pxO1 responsible for?

A

Toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two functional anthrax toxins?

A

Letx + LdTx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the three possible components to px01

A

PA + LF + EF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is PA?

A

Protective antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is LF?

A

Lethal factor - protease activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is EF?

A

Edema factor - affects adenylate cyclase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What has to accompany LF or EF?

A

PA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does PA work?

A 
Adheres to host cell and clipped in two 
Bound portion forms channel in host cell
Toxin (PA attached to LF or EF) taken into cell 
PA creates pore in endosome 
EF or LF released into cytosol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the mechanism by which LF works?

A

Binds to MAPK interrupting signal pathway for cell division leading to apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the mechanism by which EF works?

A

Over production of cAMP, leading to fluid accumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the overall effect of Antrax toxins?

A

Edema + Necrosis causing swelling + darkening of tissue

Septicemia –> shock + rapid death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the most common method of anthrax infection?

A

Ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How does B. anthracis enter the body?

A

Spore enters skin or mucosal membrane
Macrophage eats where anthrax will now grow in phagolysosome
leading to bacteremia + necrosis + edema + death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is seen post mortem B. anthracis infections?

A

Widespread hemorrhage, with nonclotting tarry blood
Black, engorged spleen
Bloated carcass
NO RIGOR MORTIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is seen in horses that have B. anthracis?

A

Colic + Diarrhea + Edema

Death by asphyxiation or septicemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is seen in swine that have B. antracis?

A

Localization in pharyngeal tissues + Swelling

Death by asphyxiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where should you take samples from if you suspect B. anthracis?

A

Ear + Eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do B. antracis colonies look like?

A

Nonhemolytic, grey-white with rough texture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What AB is B. anthracis susceptible to?

A

Penicillin G + Oxytetracycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What hemolysis occurs with B. cereus?

A

Beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What hemolysis occurs with B. anthracis?

A

Nonhemolytic

44
Q

What kind of vaccine is used for B. anthracis?

A

Sterne strain, live attenuated, uncapsulated w/ no px01 plasmid

45
Q

What is done with carcass of anthrax positive animals?

A

Burned or buried under 6.5ft w/ quick lime

46
Q

How long is the quarantine for B. anthracis?

47
Q

What are the three types of Clostridium?

A

Neurotoxic + Histotoxic + Enterotoxic

48
Q

What are the neurotoxic clostridiums?

A

Botulinum + Tetani

49
Q

What are the histotoxic forms of Clostridium?

A

Chauvoei + Septicum + Novyi + Haemolyticum + Sordelli

50
Q

What are the enterotoxic forms of clostridium?

A

Perfringens + Difficile + Colinum + Spiroforme

51
Q

What do the endospores of clostridium look like generally?

A

buldging mother cells

52
Q

Which is the only colstridium that is not motile?

A

Perfringens

53
Q

What is the catalase/oxidase activity of clostridium?

A

Both negative

54
Q

What is the oxygen preference of clostridium?

A

Obilgate anaerobes

55
Q

Where is clostridium present?

A

Soil + Alimentary tracts + Feces

56
Q

What are the two types of neurotoxins produced by clostridium?

A

TeNT + BoNT

57
Q

What do both clostridium neurotoxins attack?

A

Cholinergic nerve cells

58
Q

What is the B/heavy chain in the toxin responsible for?

A

Binds to receptor on neuron

59
Q

What is the A/light chain in the toxin responsible for?

A

attacks the docking proteins needed by the NT vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane

60
Q

What are the two types of paralysis you see with neurotoxins from clostridium?

A

Spastic + Flaccid

61
Q

What is the cell morphology of C. tetani?

A

Straight + slender bacilli

62
Q

What do the endospores of C. tetani look like?

A

drumstick or tennis racket

63
Q

What is the activity of C. tetani on CAP?

A

Swarming growth + Hemolytic

64
Q

What animals are highly susceptible to C. tetani?

A

Horses + Humans

65
Q

What animals are pretty much resistant to C. tetani?

A

Carnivores

66
Q

How does infection of C. tetani generally occur?

A

Feces + Soil into tissue

67
Q

What are the two virulence factors of C. tetani?

A

Tetanolysin + Tetanospasm

68
Q

What is tetanolysin?

69
Q

What is teanospasm?

A

Tetanus neurotoxin

70
Q

What are the two types of clinical manifestations of C. tetani infections?

A

Ascending + Descending

71
Q

What occurs with an ascending C. tetani infection?

A

Localized tetanus at toxigenic site

72
Q

What animals tend to get ascending C. tetani infections?

A

Animals who are not highly susceptible

73
Q

What occurs with a descending C. tetani infection?

A

Vascular dissemination remote to toxigenic site

Generalized tetanus

74
Q

Where does generalized tetanus tend to begin?

75
Q

What is the infection form of C. tetani?

76
Q

How/where does C. tetani travel in body?

A

Retrograde to cell bodies in ventral horns

77
Q

What does the TeNT do once in the cytosol?

A

Hydrolyzes docking proteins (VAMP) blocking the release of the inhibitory GABA

78
Q

What types of muscles contractions are caused by TeNT?

A

Clonic + Tonic

79
Q

What are clonic spasms?

A

contract + relax alternation (hiccups)

80
Q

What are tonic spasms?

A

Sustained or tetanic contraction - maintain posture

81
Q

How long is C. tetani incubation time?

A

few days to several weeks

82
Q

What is the first symptoms seen with a C. tetani infection?

A

Stiffness + Muscular tremors + Increased response to stimuli

83
Q

What do you see in ruminants only with a C. tetani infection?

84
Q

What is normally the cause of death with a C. tetani infection?

A

Respiratory arrest

85
Q

How long does recovery take with C. tetani infection?

A

Weeks to months, need synapses to regenerate

86
Q

What is the mortality rate of C. tetani?

87
Q

What is another differiential to take into consideration when seeing C. tetani like symptoms?

A

Strychinine poisoning

88
Q

What are the three basic ways to treat C. tetani?

A

Antitoxin + Toxoid + Antimicrobials

89
Q

What does the antitoxin do in a C. tetani infection?

A

neutralize unbound toxin

90
Q

What is the downside to giving antimicrobials in a C. tetani infection?

A

Toxin production with cell death

91
Q

What can be used to treat C. tetani, medication wise?

A

Penicillin + GABA antagonist

92
Q

What are alternatives to penicillin in C. tetani treatment?

A

Tetracyclines
Metronidazole
Clindamycin

93
Q

What do the endospores for C. botulinum look like?

A

Oval subterminal, have small point at top

94
Q

What environments can the endospores to C. botulinum be found?

A

Soil + Water

95
Q

What is the oxygen preference of C. botulinum?

A

Obiligate anaerobic rods

96
Q

What is special about the C. botulinum toxins?

A

Differ in structure and toxicity, species specific

97
Q

What are the most common types of C. botulinum?

98
Q

What does the Type B toxin in C. botulinum cause?

A

Toxico-infections

Shaker foal symdrome + Pups + Brolier chickens + Turkey poults

99
Q

What does Type E toxin in C. botulinum tend to infect?

100
Q

What does type D toxin in C. botulinum tend to cause?

A

Lamziekte + Bulbar paralysis + Loin disease

101
Q

What does BNC do?

A

Complex that binds to hemagluttin + RNA + other proteins

102
Q

What does BoNT do?

A

Attach to cholinergic cells forming vesicle allowing it to enter the nerve

103
Q

Where does the BoNT vescile remain?

A

Myoneuronal junction

104
Q

What does BoNT do once in the nerve cell?

A

Hydrolyze docking protein SNARE, can no longer release NT

105
Q

What type of paralysis is seen with C. botulinum?

106
Q

How long does it take for symptoms of C. botulinum to start appearing?

A

3 to 17 days

107
Q

What is seen with C. botulinum infection?

A 
Dilated pupils 
Dry mucous membranes 
Flaccid tongue 
Dysphagia 
Paralysis of respiratory muscles

Bacteriology (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions