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Bacteriology > Lecture 13 - Bacillus + Clostridium > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Bacillus + Clostridium Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics that Bacillus and Clostridium share?

A

Gram+
Endospore forming
Produce Powerful toxins

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2
Q

What are the differing general characterisitics of Bacillus?

A

Catalase +

Aerobes + Facultative anaerobes

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3
Q

What are the four important baccillus strains important to us?

A

Anthracis
Cereus
Subtilis
Licheniformis

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4
Q

What is the general cell morphology of bacillus?

A

Large rectangular rods with square ends

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5
Q

When are bacillus spores formed?

A

Nutrient deprivation

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6
Q

What type of agar does bacillus like to grow on?

A

Non-enriched media

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7
Q

Bacillus Catalase/Oxidase results

A

Postive

Negative

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8
Q

How is virulence carried in bacillus?

A

Plasmid content

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9
Q

What does B. licheniformis effect? What symptoms are seen?

A

Sheep/Cattle

Emerging sporadic abortions

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10
Q

What is B. Cereus associated with?

A

Oppurtunistic infections

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11
Q

What symptoms are seen with B. Cereus?

A

Abortions + Bovine mastitis

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12
Q

What is seen with B. thuringienisis?

A

Lepidopetra pathogen

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13
Q

What does it mean to be oxidase negative?

A

No cytochrome C oxidase

Replace by other cytochrome oxidase in ETC

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14
Q

What is the oxygen preference of bacteria that is oxidase negative?

A

Aerobic + Faculative anaerobic + Anaerobic

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15
Q

What does it mean to be oxidase positive?

A

Cyto C in ETC

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16
Q

What is the oxygen preference of a bacteria that is oxidase postive?

A

Aerobic, O2 is used as the final electron donor

BUT DONT HAVE TO BE STRICT

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17
Q

What is an unique structure of B. antracis?

A

Antiphagocytic capsule made of polyglutamic acid

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18
Q

What is the S layer NOT?

A

Not a virulence factor
Does not make slime
Ab’s formed to S-layer NOT protective

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19
Q

What soil type does B. anthracis like?

A

Alkaline soils with high nitrogen content

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20
Q

What material is essential for spore production?

A

Calcium

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21
Q

What are the two plasmid types found in B. anthracis?

A

pX01 + px02

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22
Q

What is pxO2 responsible for?

A

Capsule, inhibiting phagocytosis

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23
Q

What is pxO1 responsible for?

A

Toxins

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24
Q

What are the two functional anthrax toxins?

A

Letx + LdTx

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25
Q

What are the three possible components to px01

A

PA + LF + EF

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26
Q

What is PA?

A

Protective antigen

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27
Q

What is LF?

A

Lethal factor - protease activity

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28
Q

What is EF?

A

Edema factor - affects adenylate cyclase

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29
Q

What has to accompany LF or EF?

A

PA

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30
Q

How does PA work?

A 
Adheres to host cell and clipped in two 
Bound portion forms channel in host cell
Toxin (PA attached to LF or EF) taken into cell 
PA creates pore in endosome 
EF or LF released into cytosol
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31
Q

What is the mechanism by which LF works?

A

Binds to MAPK interrupting signal pathway for cell division leading to apoptosis

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32
Q

What is the mechanism by which EF works?

A

Over production of cAMP, leading to fluid accumulation

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33
Q

What is the overall effect of Antrax toxins?

A

Edema + Necrosis causing swelling + darkening of tissue

Septicemia –> shock + rapid death

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34
Q

What is the most common method of anthrax infection?

A

Ingestion

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35
Q

How does B. anthracis enter the body?

A

Spore enters skin or mucosal membrane
Macrophage eats where anthrax will now grow in phagolysosome
leading to bacteremia + necrosis + edema + death

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36
Q

What is seen post mortem B. anthracis infections?

A

Widespread hemorrhage, with nonclotting tarry blood
Black, engorged spleen
Bloated carcass
NO RIGOR MORTIS

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37
Q

What is seen in horses that have B. anthracis?

A

Colic + Diarrhea + Edema

Death by asphyxiation or septicemia

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38
Q

What is seen in swine that have B. antracis?

A

Localization in pharyngeal tissues + Swelling

Death by asphyxiation

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39
Q

Where should you take samples from if you suspect B. anthracis?

A

Ear + Eye

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40
Q

What do B. antracis colonies look like?

A

Nonhemolytic, grey-white with rough texture

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41
Q

What AB is B. anthracis susceptible to?

A

Penicillin G + Oxytetracycline

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42
Q

What hemolysis occurs with B. cereus?

A

Beta

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43
Q

What hemolysis occurs with B. anthracis?

A

Nonhemolytic

44
Q

What kind of vaccine is used for B. anthracis?

A

Sterne strain, live attenuated, uncapsulated w/ no px01 plasmid

45
Q

What is done with carcass of anthrax positive animals?

A

Burned or buried under 6.5ft w/ quick lime

46
Q

How long is the quarantine for B. anthracis?

A

3 weeks

47
Q

What are the three types of Clostridium?

A

Neurotoxic + Histotoxic + Enterotoxic

48
Q

What are the neurotoxic clostridiums?

A

Botulinum + Tetani

49
Q

What are the histotoxic forms of Clostridium?

A

Chauvoei + Septicum + Novyi + Haemolyticum + Sordelli

50
Q

What are the enterotoxic forms of clostridium?

A

Perfringens + Difficile + Colinum + Spiroforme

51
Q

What do the endospores of clostridium look like generally?

A

buldging mother cells

52
Q

Which is the only colstridium that is not motile?

A

Perfringens

53
Q

What is the catalase/oxidase activity of clostridium?

A

Both negative

54
Q

What is the oxygen preference of clostridium?

A

Obilgate anaerobes

55
Q

Where is clostridium present?

A

Soil + Alimentary tracts + Feces

56
Q

What are the two types of neurotoxins produced by clostridium?

A

TeNT + BoNT

57
Q

What do both clostridium neurotoxins attack?

A

Cholinergic nerve cells

58
Q

What is the B/heavy chain in the toxin responsible for?

A

Binds to receptor on neuron

59
Q

What is the A/light chain in the toxin responsible for?

A

attacks the docking proteins needed by the NT vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane

60
Q

What are the two types of paralysis you see with neurotoxins from clostridium?

A

Spastic + Flaccid

61
Q

What is the cell morphology of C. tetani?

A

Straight + slender bacilli

62
Q

What do the endospores of C. tetani look like?

A

drumstick or tennis racket

63
Q

What is the activity of C. tetani on CAP?

A

Swarming growth + Hemolytic

64
Q

What animals are highly susceptible to C. tetani?

A

Horses + Humans

65
Q

What animals are pretty much resistant to C. tetani?

A

Carnivores

66
Q

How does infection of C. tetani generally occur?

A

Feces + Soil into tissue

67
Q

What are the two virulence factors of C. tetani?

A

Tetanolysin + Tetanospasm

68
Q

What is tetanolysin?

A

hemolysin

69
Q

What is teanospasm?

A

Tetanus neurotoxin

70
Q

What are the two types of clinical manifestations of C. tetani infections?

A

Ascending + Descending

71
Q

What occurs with an ascending C. tetani infection?

A

Localized tetanus at toxigenic site

72
Q

What animals tend to get ascending C. tetani infections?

A

Animals who are not highly susceptible

73
Q

What occurs with a descending C. tetani infection?

A

Vascular dissemination remote to toxigenic site

Generalized tetanus

74
Q

Where does generalized tetanus tend to begin?

A

Crainally

75
Q

What is the infection form of C. tetani?

A

Endospore

76
Q

How/where does C. tetani travel in body?

A

Retrograde to cell bodies in ventral horns

77
Q

What does the TeNT do once in the cytosol?

A

Hydrolyzes docking proteins (VAMP) blocking the release of the inhibitory GABA

78
Q

What types of muscles contractions are caused by TeNT?

A

Clonic + Tonic

79
Q

What are clonic spasms?

A

contract + relax alternation (hiccups)

80
Q

What are tonic spasms?

A

Sustained or tetanic contraction - maintain posture

81
Q

How long is C. tetani incubation time?

A

few days to several weeks

82
Q

What is the first symptoms seen with a C. tetani infection?

A

Stiffness + Muscular tremors + Increased response to stimuli

83
Q

What do you see in ruminants only with a C. tetani infection?

A

Bloat

84
Q

What is normally the cause of death with a C. tetani infection?

A

Respiratory arrest

85
Q

How long does recovery take with C. tetani infection?

A

Weeks to months, need synapses to regenerate

86
Q

What is the mortality rate of C. tetani?

A

50%

87
Q

What is another differiential to take into consideration when seeing C. tetani like symptoms?

A

Strychinine poisoning

88
Q

What are the three basic ways to treat C. tetani?

A

Antitoxin + Toxoid + Antimicrobials

89
Q

What does the antitoxin do in a C. tetani infection?

A

neutralize unbound toxin

90
Q

What is the downside to giving antimicrobials in a C. tetani infection?

A

Toxin production with cell death

91
Q

What can be used to treat C. tetani, medication wise?

A

Penicillin + GABA antagonist

92
Q

What are alternatives to penicillin in C. tetani treatment?

A

Tetracyclines
Metronidazole
Clindamycin

93
Q

What do the endospores for C. botulinum look like?

A

Oval subterminal, have small point at top

94
Q

What environments can the endospores to C. botulinum be found?

A

Soil + Water

95
Q

What is the oxygen preference of C. botulinum?

A

Obiligate anaerobic rods

96
Q

What is special about the C. botulinum toxins?

A

Differ in structure and toxicity, species specific

97
Q

What are the most common types of C. botulinum?

A

C + D

98
Q

What does the Type B toxin in C. botulinum cause?

A

Toxico-infections

Shaker foal symdrome + Pups + Brolier chickens + Turkey poults

99
Q

What does Type E toxin in C. botulinum tend to infect?

A

Waterfowl

100
Q

What does type D toxin in C. botulinum tend to cause?

A

Lamziekte + Bulbar paralysis + Loin disease

101
Q

What does BNC do?

A

Complex that binds to hemagluttin + RNA + other proteins

102
Q

What does BoNT do?

A

Attach to cholinergic cells forming vesicle allowing it to enter the nerve

103
Q

Where does the BoNT vescile remain?

A

Myoneuronal junction

104
Q

What does BoNT do once in the nerve cell?

A

Hydrolyze docking protein SNARE, can no longer release NT

105
Q

What type of paralysis is seen with C. botulinum?

A

Flaccid

106
Q

How long does it take for symptoms of C. botulinum to start appearing?

A

3 to 17 days

107
Q

What is seen with C. botulinum infection?

A 
Dilated pupils 
Dry mucous membranes 
Flaccid tongue 
Dysphagia 
Paralysis of respiratory muscles

Bacteriology (28 decks)

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