Lecture 13 - Bacillus + Clostridium Flashcards
1
Q
What are the characteristics that Bacillus and Clostridium share?
A
Gram+
Endospore forming
Produce Powerful toxins
2
Q
What are the differing general characterisitics of Bacillus?
A
Catalase +
Aerobes + Facultative anaerobes
3
Q
What are the four important baccillus strains important to us?
A
Anthracis
Cereus
Subtilis
Licheniformis
4
Q
What is the general cell morphology of bacillus?
A
Large rectangular rods with square ends
5
Q
When are bacillus spores formed?
A
Nutrient deprivation
6
Q
What type of agar does bacillus like to grow on?
A
Non-enriched media
7
Q
Bacillus Catalase/Oxidase results
A
Postive
Negative
8
Q
How is virulence carried in bacillus?
A
Plasmid content
9
Q
What does B. licheniformis effect? What symptoms are seen?
A
Sheep/Cattle
Emerging sporadic abortions
10
Q
What is B. Cereus associated with?
A
Oppurtunistic infections
11
Q
What symptoms are seen with B. Cereus?
A
Abortions + Bovine mastitis
12
Q
What is seen with B. thuringienisis?
A
Lepidopetra pathogen
13
Q
What does it mean to be oxidase negative?
A
No cytochrome C oxidase
Replace by other cytochrome oxidase in ETC
14
Q
What is the oxygen preference of bacteria that is oxidase negative?
A
Aerobic + Faculative anaerobic + Anaerobic
15
Q
What does it mean to be oxidase positive?
A
Cyto C in ETC
16
Q
What is the oxygen preference of a bacteria that is oxidase postive?
A
Aerobic, O2 is used as the final electron donor
BUT DONT HAVE TO BE STRICT
17
Q
What is an unique structure of B. antracis?
A
Antiphagocytic capsule made of polyglutamic acid
18
Q
What is the S layer NOT?
A
Not a virulence factor
Does not make slime
Ab’s formed to S-layer NOT protective
19
Q
What soil type does B. anthracis like?
A
Alkaline soils with high nitrogen content
20
Q
What material is essential for spore production?
A
Calcium
21
Q
What are the two plasmid types found in B. anthracis?
A
pX01 + px02
22
Q
What is pxO2 responsible for?
A
Capsule, inhibiting phagocytosis
23
Q
What is pxO1 responsible for?
A
Toxins
24
Q
What are the two functional anthrax toxins?
A
Letx + LdTx
25
What are the three possible components to px01
PA + LF + EF
26
What is PA?
Protective antigen
27
What is LF?
Lethal factor - protease activity
28
What is EF?
Edema factor - affects adenylate cyclase
29
What has to accompany LF or EF?
PA
30
How does PA work?
```
Adheres to host cell and clipped in two
Bound portion forms channel in host cell
Toxin (PA attached to LF or EF) taken into cell
PA creates pore in endosome
EF or LF released into cytosol
```
31
What is the mechanism by which LF works?
Binds to MAPK interrupting signal pathway for cell division leading to apoptosis
32
What is the mechanism by which EF works?
Over production of cAMP, leading to fluid accumulation
33
What is the overall effect of Antrax toxins?
Edema + Necrosis causing swelling + darkening of tissue
| Septicemia --> shock + rapid death
34
What is the most common method of anthrax infection?
Ingestion
35
How does B. anthracis enter the body?
Spore enters skin or mucosal membrane
Macrophage eats where anthrax will now grow in phagolysosome
leading to bacteremia + necrosis + edema + death
36
What is seen post mortem B. anthracis infections?
Widespread hemorrhage, with nonclotting tarry blood
Black, engorged spleen
Bloated carcass
NO RIGOR MORTIS
37
What is seen in horses that have B. anthracis?
Colic + Diarrhea + Edema
| Death by asphyxiation or septicemia
38
What is seen in swine that have B. antracis?
Localization in pharyngeal tissues + Swelling
| Death by asphyxiation
39
Where should you take samples from if you suspect B. anthracis?
Ear + Eye
40
What do B. antracis colonies look like?
Nonhemolytic, grey-white with rough texture
41
What AB is B. anthracis susceptible to?
Penicillin G + Oxytetracycline
42
What hemolysis occurs with B. cereus?
Beta
43
What hemolysis occurs with B. anthracis?
Nonhemolytic
44
What kind of vaccine is used for B. anthracis?
Sterne strain, live attenuated, uncapsulated w/ no px01 plasmid
45
What is done with carcass of anthrax positive animals?
Burned or buried under 6.5ft w/ quick lime
46
How long is the quarantine for B. anthracis?
3 weeks
47
What are the three types of Clostridium?
Neurotoxic + Histotoxic + Enterotoxic
48
What are the neurotoxic clostridiums?
Botulinum + Tetani
49
What are the histotoxic forms of Clostridium?
Chauvoei + Septicum + Novyi + Haemolyticum + Sordelli
50
What are the enterotoxic forms of clostridium?
Perfringens + Difficile + Colinum + Spiroforme
51
What do the endospores of clostridium look like generally?
buldging mother cells
52
Which is the only colstridium that is not motile?
Perfringens
53
What is the catalase/oxidase activity of clostridium?
Both negative
54
What is the oxygen preference of clostridium?
Obilgate anaerobes
55
Where is clostridium present?
Soil + Alimentary tracts + Feces
56
What are the two types of neurotoxins produced by clostridium?
TeNT + BoNT
57
What do both clostridium neurotoxins attack?
Cholinergic nerve cells
58
What is the B/heavy chain in the toxin responsible for?
Binds to receptor on neuron
59
What is the A/light chain in the toxin responsible for?
attacks the docking proteins needed by the NT vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane
60
What are the two types of paralysis you see with neurotoxins from clostridium?
Spastic + Flaccid
61
What is the cell morphology of C. tetani?
Straight + slender bacilli
62
What do the endospores of C. tetani look like?
drumstick or tennis racket
63
What is the activity of C. tetani on CAP?
Swarming growth + Hemolytic
64
What animals are highly susceptible to C. tetani?
Horses + Humans
65
What animals are pretty much resistant to C. tetani?
Carnivores
66
How does infection of C. tetani generally occur?
Feces + Soil into tissue
67
What are the two virulence factors of C. tetani?
Tetanolysin + Tetanospasm
68
What is tetanolysin?
hemolysin
69
What is teanospasm?
Tetanus neurotoxin
70
What are the two types of clinical manifestations of C. tetani infections?
Ascending + Descending
71
What occurs with an ascending C. tetani infection?
Localized tetanus at toxigenic site
72
What animals tend to get ascending C. tetani infections?
Animals who are not highly susceptible
73
What occurs with a descending C. tetani infection?
Vascular dissemination remote to toxigenic site
| Generalized tetanus
74
Where does generalized tetanus tend to begin?
Crainally
75
What is the infection form of C. tetani?
Endospore
76
How/where does C. tetani travel in body?
Retrograde to cell bodies in ventral horns
77
What does the TeNT do once in the cytosol?
Hydrolyzes docking proteins (VAMP) blocking the release of the inhibitory GABA
78
What types of muscles contractions are caused by TeNT?
Clonic + Tonic
79
What are clonic spasms?
contract + relax alternation (hiccups)
80
What are tonic spasms?
Sustained or tetanic contraction - maintain posture
81
How long is C. tetani incubation time?
few days to several weeks
82
What is the first symptoms seen with a C. tetani infection?
Stiffness + Muscular tremors + Increased response to stimuli
83
What do you see in ruminants only with a C. tetani infection?
Bloat
84
What is normally the cause of death with a C. tetani infection?
Respiratory arrest
85
How long does recovery take with C. tetani infection?
Weeks to months, need synapses to regenerate
86
What is the mortality rate of C. tetani?
50%
87
What is another differiential to take into consideration when seeing C. tetani like symptoms?
Strychinine poisoning
88
What are the three basic ways to treat C. tetani?
Antitoxin + Toxoid + Antimicrobials
89
What does the antitoxin do in a C. tetani infection?
neutralize unbound toxin
90
What is the downside to giving antimicrobials in a C. tetani infection?
Toxin production with cell death
91
What can be used to treat C. tetani, medication wise?
Penicillin + GABA antagonist
92
What are alternatives to penicillin in C. tetani treatment?
Tetracyclines
Metronidazole
Clindamycin
93
What do the endospores for C. botulinum look like?
Oval subterminal, have small point at top
94
What environments can the endospores to C. botulinum be found?
Soil + Water
95
What is the oxygen preference of C. botulinum?
Obiligate anaerobic rods
96
What is special about the C. botulinum toxins?
Differ in structure and toxicity, species specific
97
What are the most common types of C. botulinum?
C + D
98
What does the Type B toxin in C. botulinum cause?
Toxico-infections
| Shaker foal symdrome + Pups + Brolier chickens + Turkey poults
99
What does Type E toxin in C. botulinum tend to infect?
Waterfowl
100
What does type D toxin in C. botulinum tend to cause?
Lamziekte + Bulbar paralysis + Loin disease
101
What does BNC do?
Complex that binds to hemagluttin + RNA + other proteins
102
What does BoNT do?
Attach to cholinergic cells forming vesicle allowing it to enter the nerve
103
Where does the BoNT vescile remain?
Myoneuronal junction
104
What does BoNT do once in the nerve cell?
Hydrolyze docking protein SNARE, can no longer release NT
105
What type of paralysis is seen with C. botulinum?
Flaccid
106
How long does it take for symptoms of C. botulinum to start appearing?
3 to 17 days
107
What is seen with C. botulinum infection?
```
Dilated pupils
Dry mucous membranes
Flaccid tongue
Dysphagia
Paralysis of respiratory muscles
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