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Bacteriology > Lecture 1/2 - Introduction to Bacteria > Flashcards

Lecture 1/2 - Introduction to Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What is PCR?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

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2
Q

How does PCR relate to Koch’s postulates?

A

Isolation of microbe along with identification

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3
Q

What is the ID based on when PCR is used?

A

NA amplification
Amplification of gene sequences
Sequence must be KNOWN!

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4
Q

What is a pro to using PCR?

A

Growth in pure culture is not needed.

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5
Q

What are the two components to a bacteria’s name?

A

Genus + Species

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6
Q

What is another component to the name of some bacteria?

A

Serotype

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7
Q

What are the categories for bacterial morphology?

A

Size
Shape
Arrangement of cells

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8
Q

What is the average range when it comes to the size of a bacteria?

A

0.2 to 2.0 um in diameter

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9
Q

What is the order (small to large) of the following:

Bacillus - Spirochete - Coccus

A

Coccus - Bacillus - Spirochete

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10
Q

Describe coccus.

A

Spheres/round

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11
Q

Describe bacillus.

A

Rod

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12
Q

Describe vibrio.

A

Curved rod

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13
Q

What are the two subtypes of spiral?

A

Spirillum + Spirochete

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14
Q

Describe Spirillum.

A

Rigid, sprial-shaped rod

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15
Q

Describe spirochete.

A

Flexible, thin, spiral-shaped rod

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16
Q

Describe coccobacillus.

A

Short rod

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17
Q

What is pleomorphic?

A

One species but several different kinds of shapes

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18
Q

What type of bacteria are arrangements most likely to describe?

A

Coccus

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19
Q

What is strepto?

A

Chain

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20
Q

Describe staphylo?

A

Grape-like cluster

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21
Q

What are the three major parts to the cell envelope of a bacteria?

A

Glycocalyx + Cell wall + Cytoplasmic membrane

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22
Q

What are the two things that a glycocalyx can form?

A

Capsule + Slime layer

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23
Q

What is the glycocalyz made from?

A

Polysaccharides + glycoproteins

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24
Q

Where is the glycocalyx located?

A

Outside of the cell wall

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25
Q

What special structures does the glycocalyx add to bacteria like e. coli and salmonella?

A

K + V antigen

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26
Q

What are the K and Vi antigen found on the glycocalyx?

A

Used for serotyping

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27
Q

What is the function of the glycocalyx?

A

Protects from drying out, from phagocytosis, and toxins
Promotes adherence to host cell = biofilm
Can be a virulent factor in some bacteria

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28
Q

What bacteria is virulent when a glycocaylx is present?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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29
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Molecule that binds to Ab or Ag receptors on T/B cells

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30
Q

What is an immunogen?

A

Antigen that causes an immune response

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of the slime layer?

A

Loose, non-uniform

More diffuse

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of a capsule?

A

Rigid, uniform and closely surrounds cell

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33
Q

What is used to ID a capsule?

A

Quellung test - ID’s by serotyping

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34
Q

What is clinically important about the cell wall of a bacteria?

A

Tells you if it is gram +/- or acid fast. tells you what kind of antibiotic you should try

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35
Q

What two genera do not have a cell wall?

A

Mycoplasm + Ureaplasm

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36
Q

Where is the cell wall located?

A

Outside cell membrane

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37
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Maintain shape

Prevent uptake of too much H2O

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38
Q

Why is uptake of H2O a big concern?

A

Bacteria live in a hypotonic environment, water is constantly trying to get into cell due to concentration gradient.

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39
Q

What is the main component of the cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan

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40
Q

What is the backbone of the cell wall made of?

A

Repeating disaccharides (NAG-NAM)

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41
Q

What links the backbone of the cell wall in bacteria?

A

Transglycosylation via glucosidases

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42
Q

What does PEP attach to in the cell wall?

A

NAM

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43
Q

What is crosslinked in the cell wall?

A

PEP - Pentapeptide

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44
Q

What crosslinks PEP?

A

Transpeptidation via transpeptidase

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45
Q

What PEP structure is special in gram-positive bacteria?

A

Pentaglycine bridge

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46
Q

What bacteria has pentaglycine bridge?

A

Staphylococcus spp.

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47
Q

What is the primary stain for gram staining?

A

Crystal violet

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48
Q

What is the counterstain for gram staining?

A

Safranin

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49
Q

What color is gram-negative?

A

Pink/Red

50
Q

What color is gram-positive?

A

Blue/Purple

51
Q

How many layers of peptidoglycan does gram-negative have?

A

~2

52
Q

How many layers of peptidoglycan does gram-postive have?

A

> 25 layers

53
Q

What are the major layers of the gram-negative bacteria?

A

Glycocalyx - Outer membrane - Periplasm space w/ cell wall - Cytoplasmic membrane

54
Q

What is the periplasmic space?

A 
In Gm(-)
Space btwn cytoplasmic membrane + outer membrane
55
Q

What does the periplasmic space contain?

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer
Transport proteins
Hydrolytic enzymes

56
Q

What are the major requirements for Koch’s Postulates?

A

Requires growth in pure culture

First method for isolation/identification of bacterial cause of disease

57
Q

Where is the outer membrane located?

A

External to periplasmic space

58
Q

How many layers to the outer membrane?

A

Two - Inner and Outer

59
Q

What is the structure of the inner layer of the outer membrane?

A

Identical to the cytoplasmic membrane

60
Q

What is the structure of the outer layer of the outer membrane?

A

this is what contains the endotoxin aka LPS

Most gram-negative bacteria

61
Q

What is the function of the outer membrane?

A

May impede phagocytosis

Protective permeability to large molecules + hydrophobic compounds

62
Q

What are the three components of LPS? Where is LPS contained again?

A 
Polysaccharide core 
Lipid A 
O polysaccharide (O-antigen)

Found on the Outer layer of the outer membrane

63
Q

What is the structural characteristics of the O antigen?

A

Long, linear repeating units of carbohydrates

Highly variable

64
Q

What is clinically important to know about the O-antigen when it comes to it being highly variable?

A

Gives it antigenic variation = it can change the O antigen on it’s surface allowing it to evade the immune system and stay safe in host longer.

65
Q

What is the “function” of the O antigen?

A

Antigen/Immunogen

Helps us ID the bacteria

66
Q

What is antigenic variation?

A

Change in genetic codings for a structural proteins, leading to the creation of a new bacterial antigen.

67
Q

What is the structure of the core polysaccharide?

A

Branched polysaccharide that is 9 to 12 sugars long

Contain KDO

68
Q

What is KDO, found within LPS core?

A

Ketodeoxyoctonoix acid, a unique sugar found in LPS

69
Q

Where is Lipid A found on LPS?

A

Attacted to the outer phospholipid layer of the outer membrane

70
Q

What is a virulence factor?

A

Structure or substance that enhances the pathogenesis of the microbe

71
Q

What is the basic description of an Exotoxin?

A

Secreted proteins

72
Q

What is the basic description of an Endotoxin?

A

Structural lipopolysaccharide

73
Q

What kind of bacteria are porins found in?

A

Gram-negative

74
Q

What are the structural components of porin?

A

3 part protein = channel forming, span out membrane

75
Q

What is the function of porins?

A

Control diffusion of small molecules

For example: Sugars, metal ions, AB’s

76
Q

What are the special characteristics only found in the cell wall of a gram-positive bacteria?

A

Teichoic + Lipotheichoic acid within the huge layer of peptidoglycan

77
Q

What is the importance of Teichoic + Lipoteichoic acids?

A

Virulence factors of gram-positive bacteria

78
Q

What makes up the cell wall of a gram-positive bacteria?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane
– and –
Peptidoglycan

79
Q

What is teichoic acid?

A

Adhesins; polymers of ribitol phosphate/glycerol phosphate

Covalently linked to muramic acid

80
Q

What is the function of teichoic acids?

A

Help stitch together the huge peptidoglycan layer

81
Q

What is lipoteichoic acids?

A

LTA; teichoic acid anchored to cytoplasmic membrane

82
Q

What do antimicrobial cell wall inhibitors tend to focus on?

A

Transpeptidation

Cell wall synthesis

83
Q

What is transpeptidation in regards to the peptidoglycan of the cell wall?

A

The cross-linking of these molecules

84
Q

What is the function of a lysozyme?

A

Degrades glycan backbone - breaks the bond between NAG + NAM

85
Q

What is a lysozyme a component of?

A

Lytic enzyme of the innate immune system

86
Q

Where in the body are lysozymes found?

A

Tears - Saliva - Mucus - Lysosomes of WBC

87
Q

What is within the cell envelope of an acid-fast bacteria?

A

Cell membrane
Peptidoglycan
Mycolic acid layer

88
Q

Where is the mycolic acid layer found?

A

Outer layer of outer membrane

Covalently linked to peptidoglycan

89
Q

What type of bacteria is going to be acid-fast?

A

Gram-positive

90
Q

What does the mycolic acid do?

A

Allows cell to resist desiccation + some AB’s + Phagocytosis by creating a waxy layer.

91
Q

What is the primary stain of an acid-fast stain?

A

Carbolfuschin

92
Q

What is the counterstain of the acid-fast stain?

A

Methylene blue

93
Q

What color does an acid fast bacteria stain?

A

Red

94
Q

What is an example of an acid fast bacteria given in lecture?

A

Mycobacterium

95
Q

What is missing from the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria?

A

Sterols

96
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Active transport
Synthesis of cell wall material
Secretion of enzymes/toxins
ETC

97
Q

What are the four major groupings of bacteria in regards to their staining abilities?

A

Gm (-)
Gm (+)
Acid-Fast
No cell walls

98
Q

What are the two general external structures of a bacteria?

A

Flagella + Fimbria/Pilus

99
Q

What is the structure of the flagella?

A

Filamentous protein structures that are anchored to the cell membrane

100
Q

What is the function of the flagella?

A

Motility + taxis

Source of H antigen

101
Q

What does polar refer in regards to external structure location?

A

Found on one or both ends

102
Q

What is peritrichous in regards to the location of external structures on a bacteria?

A

Lateral, over entire cell surface

103
Q

What is the structure of fimbria/pilus?

A

Associated w/ cell membrane, hair-like protein structures

104
Q

How are pili arrange on the bacteria?

A

Peritrichously

105
Q

What is the function of pili?

A

Promote adherence to host cell

Act as sex pilus

106
Q

What exactly is a sex pilus?

A

Structure on SOME bacteria for congugation

107
Q

What are the four basic internal structures of a bacteria?

A

Nuclear region
Ribosomes
Inclusion bodies
Endospores

108
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear region in a bacteria?

A

NO nuclear membrane

Area that contains chromosomal DNA

109
Q

What is the benefit of having no nuclear membrane in a bacteria?

A

Can synthesize protein quicker via coupled transcription and translation

110
Q

What are the two basic types of bacterial DNA?

A

Chromosome + Plasmid

111
Q

What is the structure of a bacterial chromosomal DNA?

A

dsDNA
CCC
Supercoiled
Haploid

112
Q

What is the downside of being a hapliod?

A

No extra copy, mutations are expressed easily

113
Q

What is the normal function of a plasmid?

A

Not essential for survival, encodes for things like AB resistance and toxins

114
Q

What is the basic mechanism by which the plasmid is regulated?

A

Replicates separately from bacteria, but does use it’s machinery

115
Q

What are inclusion bodies?

A

Storage for energy molecules in a bacteria

116
Q

What is the structure of an inclusion body

A

Nonunit, membrane

117
Q

What tends to produce endospores?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

118
Q

What is an endospore?

A

Dormant protective stage of bacteria

119
Q

What is the endospore made of?

A

Keratin = Coat

Dipicolinic acid = internal

120
Q

What are the two gram-positive pathogenic genera that make endospores?

A

Bacillus + Clostridium

Bacteriology (28 decks)

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