Lecture 21 - Yersinia, Burkholderia, and Francisella Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two yersinia species that are most important to us?
A
Pseudotuberculosis + Pestis
2
Q
What are the two Burkholderia species that are most important to us?
A
Mallie + Pseudomallei
3
Q
What is the Francisella species most important to us?
A
Tularensis
4
Q
What are the three stains used to ID Yersinia pestis?
A
Wayson + Wrights + Giemsa
5
Q
What is a morphological characteristic of Y. Pestis?
A
Bipolar staining = Safety pin appearance
6
Q
Y. Pestis: Motility
A
No
7
Q
What does the Y. pesitis capusle contain?
A
F1 antigenic protein
8
Q
Where vectors carry Y. Pesitis?
A
Fleas
9
Q
What type of pathogen is Y. Pesitis? (growth location)
A
Facultative intracellular pathogen
10
Q
Where can you find Y. pestis in the US?
A
AZ - CA - CO - NM - UT
11
Q
What are the two flea types that carry Y. Pestis?
A
Xenopsylla + Oropsylla
12
Q
What flea is the most efficent at transmitting Y. Pestis?
A
Xenopsylla
13
Q
What flea is most important in the transmission of Y. Pestits?
A
Oropsyllla
14
Q
What does Y. pestitis cause in cats?
A
Pneumonic plague
15
Q
What is the common mode of transmission in cats contraction Y. Pestis
A
Aerosol droplets
16
Q
What symptoms do you see in cats infected with the plague?
A
Septic - Buboes - Anorexia
17
Q
What is a differential diagnosis with Y. Pestis?
A
Tularemia
18
Q
What type of host are humans to Y. Pestis?
A
Accidental
19
Q
What are the animal reservoirs for Y. Pestis?
A
Rodent
Feral mammals
Domestic cats
Less so - Coyotes + Wolves
20
Q
What is the infectious dose for Y. Pestis?
A
1 to 10 bacteria
21
Q
What is a special plasmid that is found in Y. Pestis?
A
Plasminogen-activating protease
22
Q
What decides how the Plasmid in Y. Pestis acts?
A
Temperature
23
Q
What are the two activity types caused by the plasmid in Y. pestis?
A
Coagulase + Fibrinolytic
24
Q
What temperature is Coagulase activity active in Y. pestis? What purpose does it provide?
A
20 to 25 degrees C
Blocks flea foregut
25
What temperature is Fibrinolytic activity active in Y. pestis? What purpose does it provide?
35 to 37 degrees C
| Microbe dissemination
26
What does the F1 protein form in Y. pestis?
Gel-like capsule
27
At what temperatures is the F1 proteins most active?
30 to 37 degrees C
28
What does the F1 protein promote in Y. pestis?
Antiphagocytic capsule
| Allows persistence and multiplication
29
What is Yops?
Yersinia outer membrane proteins
30
What does Yops do?
Destuctive enzymatic activity to host cells
| Distrupt cellular function
31
How is yops delivered to the host cell?
T3SS
32
In what way does yops disrupt cellular function?
Signaling pathways
Destroys cytoskeleton structure
Inhibit cytokine production
Triggers apoptosis
33
Y. Pestis: result of plasminogen activating protease
Destruction of host cell
34
Y. Pestis: result of delaying F1 capsule production
Macrophages take up cells
| Transport to lymph nodes --> Bubo formation
35
Y. Pestis: results of F1 capsule formation
No phagocytosis
Septicemia - disseminate
PNEUMONIC PLAGUE
36
What does LPS from Y. Pestis cause?
Hemorrhage + Vascular collapse + DIC + Focal necrosis
37
What is the common exposure that occurs with dogs and cats to Y. Pestis?
Mucous membrane contact
| Secretions and tissues from infected rabbit or rodent
38
What are the three forms of Y. pestis seen in dogs and cats?
Bubonic - Septicemic - Pneumonic
39
What causes Secondary Septicemic Plague?
Bacteria travels from lymph node in blood
Several organs infected
Buboes may not be present
40
What causes pneumonic plaque?
Inadequately treated septicemic plaque
| Aerosolized droplets
41
What is seen in cats with bubonic plague?
Fever + Anorexia + Lethargy
| Enlarge lymph nodes +/- drainage
42
What is seen in cats with septicemic plague?
No lymphadenopathy
Fever + Anorexia + Lethargy
Septic signs = Diarrhea + vomiting + tachycardia + DIC + respiratory distress
43
What is seen in cats with pneumonic plague?
Septic signs
| Cough + Abnormal lung sounds
44
What is seen in a necropsy of a cat with pneumonic plague?
Liver - pale with nodules
| Lungs - pneumonia + hemorrhages + necrotic foci
45
What animals generally show no signs of Y. Pestis infection?
Cattle + Horses + Sheep + Pigs
46
What animals, besides cats, show clinical symptoms of Y. Pestis?
Goats + Camels + Mule deer
| Dogs - less likely
47
What stains are used to diagnose Y. Pestis?
Lillie-Twort stain + Immunoalkaline phosphatase technique
| Immunofluorescence stain for capsule
48
Who needs to be notified about a Y. Pestis infection?
Rodent control
Public health
WHO
49
What are the clinical manifestations of Y. Enterocolitica + Pseudotuberculosis?
Mesenteric lymphadenitis
Terminal ileitis
Acute gastroenteritis
Septicemia
50
What does Y. Pseudotuberculosis infect?
Birds + Rodents
51
What does Y. enterocolitica infect?
Domestic animals + Primates
52
What is the general pathology of tularemia?
Bacteria Septicemia
53
What animals does Tuaremia infect that makes it stand out from others we have talked about?
Reptiles + Fish
54
Francisella Tularensis: Gram
Negative
55
Francisella Tularensis: Spores
Non-spore forming
56
Francisella Tularensis: Morphology
Coccobacillus
57
What are the two types of Francisella Tularensis?
A and B
58
Where is Francisella Tularensis type A found?
North America - subtype 1 and 2
59
Where is Francisella Tularensis type B found?
North America + Eurasia
60
What is Type B Francisella Tularensis associated with?
Aquatic animals
61
what is the vector for Francisella Tularensis?
Arthropods
62
What is the primary host for F. Tularensis?
Sheep
63
What animal has an increased risk of F. Tularensis infection?
Cats due to predatory behavior
64
What animals is resistant to F. Tularensis?
Cattle
65
Where is F. Tularensis most often reported in the US?
Southcentral + West
66
What states are F. Tularensis most commonly found?
Montana + Missouri + Oklahoma + S. Dakota
67
What are the methods of F. Tularensis transmission?
Aerosol + direct contact + ingestion + arthropods
68
What are the north american ticks that are carriers of F. Tularensis?
Wood + Lone star + Dog
69
Scientific name: Wood
Dermacentor andersoni
70
Scientific name: Lone Star
Amblyomma americanum
71
Scientific name: Dog
Derrmacentor variabilis
72
Scientific name: Deer fly
Chrysops discalis
73
What is the incubation time for F. Tularensis?
1 to 10 days
74
What are the signs seen in most mammals infected with F. Tularensis?
Septicemic disease
75
What lesions are found on animals infected with F. Tularensis?
Miliary
White/Off-white necrosis of the liver
Enlargement of spleen + liver + lung + LN
76
What symptoms if seen make Tularemia a high possibility in cats?
Acute lymphadenopathy
Malaise
Oral ulcers
Recent ingestion of prey
77
What agar should Tularemia be grown on?
Chocolate
78
What is the treatment for Tularemia?
Gentamicin + Chloramphenicol + Tetracycline
79
Why is there a prolonged treatment time with tularemia?
Intracellular pathogens
80
Why is tularemia difficult to control?
Tick infestation hard to control
| No vet vaccine
81
What causes Glander's disease?
Burkholderia Mallei
82
Where is B. Mallei found?
URT + Lungs + Skin
83
What is found in the organs where B. Mallei infects?
Ulcerating nodules
84
What occurs in people infected with B. Mallei?
Septicemia
85
B. Mallei: Gram
Negative
86
How does B. Mallei resist dessication?
Polysacchride capsule
87
What is B. Mallei susceptible to?
Heat + Light + Disinfectant
88
What secretion types is B. Mallei found?
Nasal exudates + Discharges in ulcerated skin
89
How can B. Mallei be contracted?
Ingestion of containated foods/water
| Ingestion of meal from infected horses
90
What is the incubation time for B. Mallei?
3 days to 2 weeks
91
What is seen with an acute B. Mallei infection?
Septicemia - HIGH fever
Weight loss
Thick mucopurulent nasal discharge + respiratory signs
92
What is the temperature of an animal that has Glanders?
106F
93
What animals is a chronic glanders infection most common in?
Horses
94
What is seen with chronic glanders infection?
Ulcerative lesions of skins + Internal nares
95
What are the three clinical manifestation types seen in glanders infections?
Nasal + pulmonary + cutaneous
96
What is seen in the nasal form of glanders?
Nodules in mucosa of nasal septum + lower parts of septum
| Deep ulcers w/ raised irrgeular borders
97
What is left in nasal ulcers from glanders heal?
Star-shaped cicatrices
98
What is seen in pulmonary form of glanders?
Small tubercle-like nodules in lungs
With caseous or calcified centers
Consolidation of lung tissue in pneumonia
99
What is another name for the cutaneous form of glanders?
Farcy
100
What is seen in the cutaneous form of glanders?
Sticky pus + Nodules
| Nodules on liver and spleen
101
What does melioidosis cause?
Pseudoglanders
| Whitemore Disease
102
What is meliodosis?
Mixed purlent + granulomatous response
| Suppurative or Caseous lesions
103
B. Pseudomallei: Morphology
Oval bacillus
104
B. Pseudomallei: Motility
Motile
105
B. Pseudomallei: oxygen requirements
Facultative anaerobe
106
B. Pseudomallei: Staining
Biopolar safety pin
107
B. Pseudomallei: Geographical distribution
20N and 20S - tropical + subtropical
108
What do B. Pseudomallei outbreaks coincide with?
Heavy rainfall + flooding
109
What animals are commonly infected by B. Pseudomallei?
Sheep + Goat + Pigs + Lab animals
110
What is the incubation period for B. Pseudomallei?
Days to Years
111
How is B. Pseudomallei able to remain dormant?
Facultative intracellular pathogen
112
What are common organs affected by B. Pseudomallei?
Lungs + Liver + Spleen + Lymph nodes
113
Meliodosis signs: Goats
Mastitis
| CNS disease
114
Meliodosis signs: Sheep
Respiratory w/ fever + coughing + distress + Muco-purulent nasal/ocular discharge
115
Meliodosis signs: Cattle, horse, sheep
CNS disease: Circling + Nystagmus + Blindness
116
Meliodosis signs: Pigs
Asymptomatic
| Lesion on spleen
117
Meliodosis signs: Dogs
Acute + Subacute + Chronic
| Skin lesions to septicemia
118
What do abscesses caused by melioidosis look like?
Thick, greenish/yellow to white material
| Organs: Lungs spleen, Lymph nodes, liver, subQ
119
What type of media is used to grow B. Pseudomallei
Ashdown's
120
What do B. Pseudomallei colonies look like?
Cornflower red colonies
121
What AB's are used for B. Pseudomallei?
Cephalosporins + Carbepenems
