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Bacteriology > Lecture 14 - Clostridium > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - Clostridium Flashcards

1
Q

What are the histotoxic clostridiums?

A 
Perfringens 
Chauvoei 
Haemolyticum 
Novyi type B + C 
Septicum 
Spordelli
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2
Q

What are the enterotoxic clostridiums?

A 
Perfringens
Colinum 
Difficile 
Piliforme 
Spiroforme
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3
Q

What are the general charactersitics of C. Chauvoei?

A

Gram+
Motile
Obiligate anaerobe
Subterminal/subcentral spores

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4
Q

What are the virulence factors in C. Chauvoei?

A

Alpha + beta + Delta

Neuraminidase

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5
Q

What does alpha toxin in C. Chauvoei do?

A

Hemolysin

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6
Q

What does beta toxin in C. Chauvoei do?

A

DNAase

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7
Q

What does delta toxin in C. Chauvoei do?

A

Pore forming

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8
Q

Where does C. Chauvoei infections tend to come from?

A

Soil, seeded by infected animals

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9
Q

How does C. Chauvoei get introduced into animal?

A

Spores ingested and transported from GI tract to other tissues

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10
Q

What cell type takes up C. Chauvoei?

A

Macrophages, will stay dorminant here

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11
Q

What disease is commonly associated with C. Chauvoei?

A

Blackleg

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12
Q

What animal/age group tends to be most affected by blackleg?

A

Young well fed cattle

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13
Q

Besides blackleg what other major symptom is seen with C. Chauvoei?

A

Gas gangrene aka malignant edema

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14
Q

What animals tend to come down with gas gangrene from C. Chauvoei?

A

Sheep and Cattle

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15
Q

Where does germination of C. Chauvoei spores occur?

A

Anoxic tissues

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16
Q

What role does alpha toxin play in the pathogenicity of C. Chauvoei?

A

Generates the lesion, metabolism of this is what creates the gas

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17
Q

What does a lesion cause by C. Chauvoei tend to look like?

A

Dry, dark, emphysematous

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18
Q

What causes blackleg physiologically?

A

Gangrenous cellulitis + myositis

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19
Q

What is needed to culture C. Chauvoei?

A

Strict anaerobe, rich in cysteine and water soluble vitamins

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20
Q

What is the basic treatment for C. Chauvoei?

A

Vaccination + Combo IV penicillin

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21
Q

What are the general characteritics of C. haemolyticum?

A

Gram+
Motile
Obligate anaerobe
Nonencapsulated

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22
Q

What does the spore from C. haemolyticum look like?

A

Large oval, highly heat resistant

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23
Q

What disease is seen with C. haemolyticum?

A

Red water disease

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24
Q

What animal is most commonly infected with C. haemolyticum?

A

Ruminants

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25
Q

When do C. haemolyticum infections occur most often?

A

Summer + Fall

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26
Q

What is the virulence factor in C. haemolyticum?

A

Beta toxin

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27
Q

What is beta toxin known as?

A

Phospholipase C

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28
Q

How long does death take with C. haemolyticum?

A

hours to days

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29
Q

What occurs with a C. haemolyticum infection?

A 
Colonization of liver
Liver fluke causes damage to the area 
now germinates 
Toxinogenesis 
Hemolytic crisis
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30
Q

What symptoms are seen with C. haemolyticum infections?

A

Fever + Pale icteric mucous membranes + Anorexia + Agalactia + Red urine

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31
Q

What diagnostic features are seen with C. haemolyticum?

A

Lesions in liver are pale, raised, and surrounded by bluish red zone

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32
Q

What is the basic treatment for C. haemolyticum?

A

If caught early broad spectrum AB’s (tetracycline)
Antitoxin
Blood transfusion

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33
Q

When should a vaccine for C. haemolyticum be given?

A

6 months

3 to 4 weeks before exposure

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34
Q

What are the general characteristics of C. Novyi?

A

Gram +
Motile
Obligate anaerobes
Non-encapsulated

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35
Q

What do spores from C. Novyi look like?

A

Large oval, highly heat resistant

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36
Q

What two disease are seen with C. Novyi?

A

Big head + Black disease

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37
Q

What does black disease conincide with?

A

Liver flukes (fasciola hepatica)

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38
Q

What animal is most commonly seen with black disease + big head?

A

Adult sheep in summer and fall

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39
Q

What are the virulence factors seen in C. Novyi?

A

Alpha + Beta + Novyilysin

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40
Q

What does alpha toxin do in C. Novyi?

A

Glycosyl transferase - cell signaling

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41
Q

What does beta toxin do in C. Novyi?

A

phospholipase C - cell membrane

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42
Q

What does novyilysin do in C. Novyi?

A

Pore forming - cholesterol rafts on cell membrane

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43
Q

What is the general pathogensis of C. Novyi?

A

Necrotizing + Lethal

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44
Q

What type of C. Novyi causes big head?

A

Type A

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45
Q

What happens with big head disease?

A

Due to rams head butting
Muscles —> spores germinate
leading to edema in head + neck + cranial thorax

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46
Q

What color is the edema in big head disease?

47
Q

What does type B C. Novyi cause?

A

Infectious necrotizing hepatitis aka black disease

48
Q

How does black disease occur?

A

Spore migrate to Kupffer cells in liver (dorminant)
Liver cell injury occurs –> spores germinate
Death quickly

49
Q

What is the basic treatment for C. Novyi?

50
Q

What are ways to control C. Novyi?

A

Decrease occurence of flukes

Prophylactic vaccination with bacetrin

51
Q

What are the general characteristics of C. septicum?

A

Gram+
Motile
Short + Stout pleomorphic rods
Can form filaments in some exudate

52
Q

Where does C. septicum occur in nature?

A

Soils + Intestines

53
Q

How is C. septicum acquired?

A

Ingestion + Wound infection

54
Q

What virulence factors does C. septicum have?

A

Alpha toxin

55
Q

What does alpha toxin in C. septicum do?

A

Pore forming lethal toxin

Binds to GPI on cell surface

56
Q

What occurs with C. septicum pathologically?

A

Endothelial damage leading to systemic effects

Edema

57
Q

What do you see clinically with C. septicum in poultry?

A

Gangerenous dermatitis

58
Q

What do you see generally with a C. septicum infection?

A

hemorrhagic, edematous, necrotizing process
Crepitant swelling
Fever +Tachycardia + Anorexia + Depression

59
Q

How long is the course of C. septicum?

A

Death in about one day

60
Q

What is the general treatment for C. septicum?

A

VERY GUARDED
Penicillin or tetra cycline
Debride/drain wounds

61
Q

When should vaccines be given for C. septicum?

A

calves 3 to 4 months

sheep/goats at weaning

62
Q

What are the general characteristics of C. sordellii?

A

Gram +
Spore-forming
Anaerobic rod

63
Q

What is C. sordellii associated with in ruminants and horses?

A

Fatal myositis + Hepatic disease

64
Q

What is the likely scenario of how a young adult horse came down with C. sordellii?

A

Grazing during frosty + stormy fall-like conditions

65
Q

What are the basic clinical manisfestations of C. sordellii?

A

Acute myopathy
Rhabomyolysis
Sudden onset of muscle weakness

66
Q

What causes the sudden onset of muscle weakness with C. sordellii?

A

TesL, leathal toxin in myofibers

67
Q

What occurs with Rhabomyolysis in C. sordellii?

A

Breakdown of muscle tsisue
Leads to myoglobin the blood
toxic to kidneys

68
Q

Whats the treatment for C. sordellii?

A

NO TREATMENT

69
Q

What are the general characteristics of C. perfringens type A?

A

Spore-forming

Nonmotile, encapsulated, obligate anaerobic ROD

70
Q

What leads to an infection by C. perfringens type A?

A

Contamination of wounds + partuition + Injuries + Inj site

71
Q

What is the virulence factor in C. perfringens type A?

A

Alpha toxin

72
Q

What does the alpha toxin do in C. perfringens type A?

A

Phospholipase

Hemolytic + Necrotizing

73
Q

What are the clinical manesfestations of C. perfringens type A?

A

Extensive invasion of damaged muscle tissue

Gas production

74
Q

What is the characteristic of C. perfringens type A on BAP?

A

Bowtie, double hemolysis

75
Q

What is the treatment for C. perfringens type A?

A

Ineffective normally

Penicillin if you want to try

76
Q

When should vxn for C. perfringens type A be given?

A

at 3 months, then given annually

77
Q

What category is C. perfringens type A in?

A

Histotoxic

78
Q

What are the virulence factors in C. perfringens?

A

Alpha + Beta + Epsilon + Iota + Enterotoxin + Necrotic enteritis toxin

79
Q

What does alpha toxin in C. perfringens do?

A

Phospholipase C - cell membranes

80
Q

What does beta toxin in C. perfringens do?

A

pore forming

targets intestinal + nerve cells

81
Q

What is beta toxin in C. perfringens susceptible to?

82
Q

What does epsilon toxin do?

A

Attacks cytoskeleton of epi/endothelial cells of brain

83
Q

What activates epsilon toxinin C. perfringens?

A

trypsin digestion

84
Q

What does iota do in C. perfringens?

A

Disorganizes cytoskeleton

85
Q

What does the enterotoxin do in C. perfringens?

A

Attacks BOTH small intestine epithelium + tight junction proteins

86
Q

What does the necrotic enteritis do in C. perfringens?

A

Pore forming toxin = necrotic enteritis in chickens

87
Q

What are the minor toxins in C. perfringens?

A

Kappa + Mu + Perfringolysin O + B-2 toxin

88
Q

What is the presentation of type A C. perfringens?

A

Massive destruction of villi + coagulation necrosis of SI

89
Q

What is the virulence factor for type A C. perfringens?

A

Cp enterotoxin

90
Q

What diseases are caused by type A C. perfringens in poultry, dogs, horses, and pigs?

A

Pigs = Diarrhea
Horses = colic
Dogs + Chickens = Nectrotic enteritis

91
Q

What is the clinical manesfestation of type B/C C. perfringens in foals?

A

Acute dystentery + Toxemia + Rapid death

92
Q

What is the clinical manesfestation of type B/C C. perfringens in Pigs?

A

Acutely ill w/i few days of birth

Diarrhea + Dysentery + Redding of anus

93
Q

What is the clinical manesfestation of type B/C C. perfringens in calves?

A

Acute diarrhea + Abdominal pain + Convulsions + Opisthotonos

94
Q

What is the clinical manesfestation of type B/C C. perfringens in lambs?

A

Stop nursing + Listless + Recumbent + Blood-tinged diarrhea

95
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of type D C. perfringens?

A

Pulpy kidney + Overeating disease

96
Q

What is the comparitive rate of occurence in Goat + Cattle + Sheep?

A

Sheep > Goat > Cattle

97
Q

What is the virulence factor for type D C. perfringens?

A

Epislon toxin - protoxin needed trypsin

98
Q

What is the clinical manisfestaion of type D C. perfringens in Calves?

A

Suabcute - recover

99
Q

What is the clinical manisfestaion of type D C. perfringens in Goats?

A

Peracute to chronic - Watery diarrhea with or without blood

100
Q

What is the clinical manisfestaion of type D C. perfringens in Lambs?

A

Sudden death - neurologic + diarrhea

101
Q

What is the pathogenesis of type D C. perfringens?

A

Hyperemic areas of intestine + pericardial sac

Autolysis of kidney = pulpy kidney disease

102
Q

What is the basic treatment for C. perfringens?

A

Most of the time cases are too acute

Vxn for C/D avalible

103
Q

What are the general characteristics of C. difficile?

A

Gram postive
Motile
Encapsulated
Spore forming

104
Q

Where is C. difficile normally found?

A

Large intestines

105
Q

What major symptom is C. difficile linked to?

106
Q

What are the virulence factors in C. difficile?

A

Adhesins
Capsule
TcdA - TcdB - Cdt

107
Q

What does TcdA do in C. difficile?

A

Cell death + enterotoxin = production of prostaglandins

108
Q

What does TcdB do in C. difficile?

109
Q

What does Cdt do in C. difficile?

A

B - binds to cell

A - Cytoskeleton = cell death

110
Q

What is the major treatment for C. difficile?

A

Metronidazole

111
Q

What are the general characteristics of C. colinum?

A

Fastidious - spare spore former

No known toxin

112
Q

What does C. colinum do to poultry?

A

Ulcerative enteritis + Necrotizing hepatitis

113
Q

What animal is infected by C. spiroforme?

A

Rabbits, typhlocolitis

Bacteriology (28 decks)

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