Lecture 14 - Clostridium Flashcards
1
Q
What are the histotoxic clostridiums?
A
Perfringens Chauvoei Haemolyticum Novyi type B + C Septicum Spordelli
2
Q
What are the enterotoxic clostridiums?
A
Perfringens Colinum Difficile Piliforme Spiroforme
3
Q
What are the general charactersitics of C. Chauvoei?
A
Gram+
Motile
Obiligate anaerobe
Subterminal/subcentral spores
4
Q
What are the virulence factors in C. Chauvoei?
A
Alpha + beta + Delta
Neuraminidase
5
Q
What does alpha toxin in C. Chauvoei do?
A
Hemolysin
6
Q
What does beta toxin in C. Chauvoei do?
A
DNAase
7
Q
What does delta toxin in C. Chauvoei do?
A
Pore forming
8
Q
Where does C. Chauvoei infections tend to come from?
A
Soil, seeded by infected animals
9
Q
How does C. Chauvoei get introduced into animal?
A
Spores ingested and transported from GI tract to other tissues
10
Q
What cell type takes up C. Chauvoei?
A
Macrophages, will stay dorminant here
11
Q
What disease is commonly associated with C. Chauvoei?
A
Blackleg
12
Q
What animal/age group tends to be most affected by blackleg?
A
Young well fed cattle
13
Q
Besides blackleg what other major symptom is seen with C. Chauvoei?
A
Gas gangrene aka malignant edema
14
Q
What animals tend to come down with gas gangrene from C. Chauvoei?
A
Sheep and Cattle
15
Q
Where does germination of C. Chauvoei spores occur?
A
Anoxic tissues
16
Q
What role does alpha toxin play in the pathogenicity of C. Chauvoei?
A
Generates the lesion, metabolism of this is what creates the gas
17
Q
What does a lesion cause by C. Chauvoei tend to look like?
A
Dry, dark, emphysematous
18
Q
What causes blackleg physiologically?
A
Gangrenous cellulitis + myositis
19
Q
What is needed to culture C. Chauvoei?
A
Strict anaerobe, rich in cysteine and water soluble vitamins
20
Q
What is the basic treatment for C. Chauvoei?
A
Vaccination + Combo IV penicillin
21
Q
What are the general characteritics of C. haemolyticum?
A
Gram+
Motile
Obligate anaerobe
Nonencapsulated
22
Q
What does the spore from C. haemolyticum look like?
A
Large oval, highly heat resistant
23
Q
What disease is seen with C. haemolyticum?
A
Red water disease
24
Q
What animal is most commonly infected with C. haemolyticum?
A
Ruminants
25
When do C. haemolyticum infections occur most often?
Summer + Fall
26
What is the virulence factor in C. haemolyticum?
Beta toxin
27
What is beta toxin known as?
Phospholipase C
28
How long does death take with C. haemolyticum?
hours to days
29
What occurs with a C. haemolyticum infection?
```
Colonization of liver
Liver fluke causes damage to the area
now germinates
Toxinogenesis
Hemolytic crisis
```
30
What symptoms are seen with C. haemolyticum infections?
Fever + Pale icteric mucous membranes + Anorexia + Agalactia + Red urine
31
What diagnostic features are seen with C. haemolyticum?
Lesions in liver are pale, raised, and surrounded by bluish red zone
32
What is the basic treatment for C. haemolyticum?
If caught early broad spectrum AB's (tetracycline)
Antitoxin
Blood transfusion
33
When should a vaccine for C. haemolyticum be given?
6 months
| 3 to 4 weeks before exposure
34
What are the general characteristics of C. Novyi?
Gram +
Motile
Obligate anaerobes
Non-encapsulated
35
What do spores from C. Novyi look like?
Large oval, highly heat resistant
36
What two disease are seen with C. Novyi?
Big head + Black disease
37
What does black disease conincide with?
Liver flukes (fasciola hepatica)
38
What animal is most commonly seen with black disease + big head?
Adult sheep in summer and fall
39
What are the virulence factors seen in C. Novyi?
Alpha + Beta + Novyilysin
40
What does alpha toxin do in C. Novyi?
Glycosyl transferase - cell signaling
41
What does beta toxin do in C. Novyi?
phospholipase C - cell membrane
42
What does novyilysin do in C. Novyi?
Pore forming - cholesterol rafts on cell membrane
43
What is the general pathogensis of C. Novyi?
Necrotizing + Lethal
44
What type of C. Novyi causes big head?
Type A
45
What happens with big head disease?
Due to rams head butting
Muscles ---> spores germinate
leading to edema in head + neck + cranial thorax
46
What color is the edema in big head disease?
yellow
47
What does type B C. Novyi cause?
Infectious necrotizing hepatitis aka black disease
48
How does black disease occur?
Spore migrate to Kupffer cells in liver (dorminant)
Liver cell injury occurs --> spores germinate
Death quickly
49
What is the basic treatment for C. Novyi?
None
50
What are ways to control C. Novyi?
Decrease occurence of flukes
| Prophylactic vaccination with bacetrin
51
What are the general characteristics of C. septicum?
Gram+
Motile
Short + Stout pleomorphic rods
Can form filaments in some exudate
52
Where does C. septicum occur in nature?
Soils + Intestines
53
How is C. septicum acquired?
Ingestion + Wound infection
54
What virulence factors does C. septicum have?
Alpha toxin
55
What does alpha toxin in C. septicum do?
Pore forming lethal toxin
| Binds to GPI on cell surface
56
What occurs with C. septicum pathologically?
Endothelial damage leading to systemic effects
| Edema
57
What do you see clinically with C. septicum in poultry?
Gangerenous dermatitis
58
What do you see generally with a C. septicum infection?
hemorrhagic, edematous, necrotizing process
Crepitant swelling
Fever +Tachycardia + Anorexia + Depression
59
How long is the course of C. septicum?
Death in about one day
60
What is the general treatment for C. septicum?
VERY GUARDED
Penicillin or tetra cycline
Debride/drain wounds
61
When should vaccines be given for C. septicum?
calves 3 to 4 months
| sheep/goats at weaning
62
What are the general characteristics of C. sordellii?
Gram +
Spore-forming
Anaerobic rod
63
What is C. sordellii associated with in ruminants and horses?
Fatal myositis + Hepatic disease
64
What is the likely scenario of how a young adult horse came down with C. sordellii?
Grazing during frosty + stormy fall-like conditions
65
What are the basic clinical manisfestations of C. sordellii?
Acute myopathy
Rhabomyolysis
Sudden onset of muscle weakness
66
What causes the sudden onset of muscle weakness with C. sordellii?
TesL, leathal toxin in myofibers
67
What occurs with Rhabomyolysis in C. sordellii?
Breakdown of muscle tsisue
Leads to myoglobin the blood
toxic to kidneys
68
Whats the treatment for C. sordellii?
NO TREATMENT
69
What are the general characteristics of C. perfringens type A?
Spore-forming
| Nonmotile, encapsulated, obligate anaerobic ROD
70
What leads to an infection by C. perfringens type A?
Contamination of wounds + partuition + Injuries + Inj site
71
What is the virulence factor in C. perfringens type A?
Alpha toxin
72
What does the alpha toxin do in C. perfringens type A?
Phospholipase
| Hemolytic + Necrotizing
73
What are the clinical manesfestations of C. perfringens type A?
Extensive invasion of damaged muscle tissue
| Gas production
74
What is the characteristic of C. perfringens type A on BAP?
Bowtie, double hemolysis
75
What is the treatment for C. perfringens type A?
Ineffective normally
| Penicillin if you want to try
76
When should vxn for C. perfringens type A be given?
at 3 months, then given annually
77
What category is C. perfringens type A in?
Histotoxic
78
What are the virulence factors in C. perfringens?
Alpha + Beta + Epsilon + Iota + Enterotoxin + Necrotic enteritis toxin
79
What does alpha toxin in C. perfringens do?
Phospholipase C - cell membranes
80
What does beta toxin in C. perfringens do?
pore forming
| targets intestinal + nerve cells
81
What is beta toxin in C. perfringens susceptible to?
Trypsin
82
What does epsilon toxin do?
Attacks cytoskeleton of epi/endothelial cells of brain
83
What activates epsilon toxinin C. perfringens?
trypsin digestion
84
What does iota do in C. perfringens?
Disorganizes cytoskeleton
85
What does the enterotoxin do in C. perfringens?
Attacks BOTH small intestine epithelium + tight junction proteins
86
What does the necrotic enteritis do in C. perfringens?
Pore forming toxin = necrotic enteritis in chickens
87
What are the minor toxins in C. perfringens?
Kappa + Mu + Perfringolysin O + B-2 toxin
88
What is the presentation of type A C. perfringens?
Massive destruction of villi + coagulation necrosis of SI
89
What is the virulence factor for type A C. perfringens?
Cp enterotoxin
90
What diseases are caused by type A C. perfringens in poultry, dogs, horses, and pigs?
Pigs = Diarrhea
Horses = colic
Dogs + Chickens = Nectrotic enteritis
91
What is the clinical manesfestation of type B/C C. perfringens in foals?
Acute dystentery + Toxemia + Rapid death
92
What is the clinical manesfestation of type B/C C. perfringens in Pigs?
Acutely ill w/i few days of birth
| Diarrhea + Dysentery + Redding of anus
93
What is the clinical manesfestation of type B/C C. perfringens in calves?
Acute diarrhea + Abdominal pain + Convulsions + Opisthotonos
94
What is the clinical manesfestation of type B/C C. perfringens in lambs?
Stop nursing + Listless + Recumbent + Blood-tinged diarrhea
95
What is the clinical manifestation of type D C. perfringens?
Pulpy kidney + Overeating disease
96
What is the comparitive rate of occurence in Goat + Cattle + Sheep?
Sheep > Goat > Cattle
97
What is the virulence factor for type D C. perfringens?
Epislon toxin - protoxin needed trypsin
98
What is the clinical manisfestaion of type D C. perfringens in Calves?
Suabcute - recover
99
What is the clinical manisfestaion of type D C. perfringens in Goats?
Peracute to chronic - Watery diarrhea with or without blood
100
What is the clinical manisfestaion of type D C. perfringens in Lambs?
Sudden death - neurologic + diarrhea
101
What is the pathogenesis of type D C. perfringens?
Hyperemic areas of intestine + pericardial sac
| Autolysis of kidney = pulpy kidney disease
102
What is the basic treatment for C. perfringens?
Most of the time cases are too acute
| Vxn for C/D avalible
103
What are the general characteristics of C. difficile?
Gram postive
Motile
Encapsulated
Spore forming
104
Where is C. difficile normally found?
Large intestines
105
What major symptom is C. difficile linked to?
Diarrhea
106
What are the virulence factors in C. difficile?
Adhesins
Capsule
TcdA - TcdB - Cdt
107
What does TcdA do in C. difficile?
Cell death + enterotoxin = production of prostaglandins
108
What does TcdB do in C. difficile?
Cytolysin
109
What does Cdt do in C. difficile?
B - binds to cell
| A - Cytoskeleton = cell death
110
What is the major treatment for C. difficile?
Metronidazole
111
What are the general characteristics of C. colinum?
Fastidious - spare spore former
| No known toxin
112
What does C. colinum do to poultry?
Ulcerative enteritis + Necrotizing hepatitis
113
What animal is infected by C. spiroforme?
Rabbits, typhlocolitis
