Lecture 12 - Actinobacteria II Flashcards by Raegan Chambers

What are the general characteristics of arcanobacterium?

Pleomorphic, non-spore forming

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What cell morphology can occur with acracnobacterium?

Coccobacillus + Rod + Club-shaped

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What is the oxygen preference of arcanobacterium?

Facultative anaerobes + aerobes

Capnophiles

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What is the living style of arcanobacterium?

Commensal - mucous membranes

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What does A. pyogenes do on blood agar?

Beta-hemolysis

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What is the cell morphology of A. pyogenes?

Coccobacillary to short rods

Club-shaped in young cultures

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What is the oxygen preference of A. pyogenes?

Facultative anarobe

Capnophilic

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Where does A. pyogenes normally occur?

Upper respiratory + Urogenital + GI tract

Of ruminant, swine, etc.

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What is the common way in which A. pyogenes infections occur?

Traumatic inoculation + Secondary infection

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How does host to host transmission of A. Pyogenes occur?

Mastitis in cows

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What type of mastitis is A. pyogenes known for causing?

Summer mastitis

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What are the virulence factors of A. pyogenes?

Pyolysin O + Neuraminidase

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What does pyolysin O do?

Cytotoxic to macrophages + NEU + RBC’s

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What does Neuraminidase do?

Bind to host cells and ECM

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What does A. pyogenes act as a synergistic pathogen for?

F. necrophorum

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What does A. pyogenes tend to do in the body?

Suppurative lesions in many organs

Abscesses + Empyemas + Pyogranulomas

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What does the exudate from A. pyogenes tend to contain?

Bacteria + Live/Dead NEU + Host cell debris

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What is the disease pattern seen in swine infected with A. pyogenes?

Septic arthritis (after farrowing )

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What is the disease pattern seen in cattle infected with A. pyogenes?

Severe mastitis (heifers + dry cows)

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How does transmission occur in cattle with A. pyogenes?

Flies + Teat contact w/ environment

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What allows for there to be a contagious spread of A. pyogenes?

Profuse, purulent secretions

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What is the basic treatment for A. Pyogenes?

Incision + drainage of abscesses

Susceptible to AB’s but poor response

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Why does A. pyogenes have poor response to AB’s?

Encapsulated abscesses

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What are cellular characteristics of Rhodococcus spp.?

Pleomorphic, gram positive to gram variable non spore forming

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What cellular morphology can occur with Rhodococcus spp.?

Cocci + Rods + Filaments

What is the cellular preference with Rhodococcus?

Aerobes

What is the typical cell morphology found with R. Equi?

Cocci + Coccobacilli + Rods

What is the reservior for R. equi?

Soil + GI/Feces of healthy animals

What age is R. equi most commonly a oppurtunistic pathogen?

Young foals

What is the main route of infection in R. equi?

Inhalation or ingestion of virulent strains found in contaminated soil

What type of hemolysis is seen with R. equi?

None, aka gamma

What is seen with R. Equi infections?

Granulomas + Pyogranulomas + Abscesses

Where does R. Equi "set up camp" in the body?

Macrophages

What allows R. equi to grow in macrophages?

Vap proteins

What do Vap proteins do?

Protect against phagocytic killing

What is the disease pattern of R. Equi seen in foals?

Pyogranulmatous bronchopneumonia

Why are young foals at risk of R. Equi infections?

Decreased protective Type I Response

Where can lesions occur in foals infected with R. equi?

Pulmonary + Mesenteric LN's | Intestines

What is the disease pattern of R. Equi in adult horses?

Pneumonia + Extrapulmonary lesions

When do you tend to see R. equi infections in adult horses?

Immunodeficent

What is the disease pattern of R. Equi in swine?

Submandibular + Cervical lymphadenitis

What is the basic treatment for R. Equi?

Combination therapy - Rifampin + Macrolide | Supportive care

What is the cellular morphology of Listeria?

Gram+, non-spore forming coccobacilli

What is the oxygen preference of Listeria?

Facultative anaerobes

Where is listeria commonly found?

Terrestrial + Aquatic

What are the two important spp. of Listeria for us?

Ivanovii + Monocytogenes

What is seen with L. ivanoii?

Abortion in ruminants

What is seen with L. monocytogenes?

Septicemia + Abortion + CNS infections

How is L. monocytogenes transmitted?

Vertical in utero | Ingestion of contaminated foods

How does L. monocytogenes get into the body, basic methods?

Transcellular + Paracellular routes

How does L. monocytogenes get into the CNS?

Breaks into oral or nasal mucosa Gets to CN Enters brains

What are the characteristics of brain lesions caused by L. monocytogenes?

Microabscesses - primarily in brainstem

Where does L. monocytogenes tend to grow and live in the body?

Phagocytic + Non-phagocytic cells

What are the virulence factors in L. monocytogenes?

Adhesins + Listeriolysin O

What is listerolysin O?

Allows the bacteria to move around without being detected by AB's

What is the pattern of disease seen in ruminants with a listeriosis infection?

Encephalitis Abortion Septicemia

When is septicemia most commonly seen in cattles with listeria?

Neonates

When do abortions normally occur with listeria?

3rd trimester

What happens with direct inoculation of listeria in cattle?

Conjunctivitis + Opthalmitits

What pattern of disease is seen with pigs + dogs + cats with listeria?

Septicemia form with focal hepatic necrosis

What pattern of disease is seen with horses with listeria?

Neonatal septicemia and abortion

What pattern of disease is seen with poultry with listeria?

Septicemic form with lesions on heart, liver, and abdominal visceria Pericarditis Splenomegaly

What is the basic treatment for listeria?

Susceptible to many AB's

What are the general characteristics of Erysipelothrix?

Gram-positive | Non-spore forming

What is the cell morphology of erysipelothrix?

Rods + Non-branching filaments

What is the oxygen preference of Erysipelothrix?

Facultative anaerobes

What is the most important Erysipelothrix to vet med?

E. rhusiopathiae

What is a specific example of where E. rhusiopathiae can be found in nature?

Fish slime

What is the main reservior for E. rhusiopathiae?

Swine

Where is E. rhusiopathiae found in pigs?

Tonsil + GI tract

How does E. rhusiopathiae invade the body?

Bloodstream - vascular damage and hemorrhagic lesions in diverse organs Damage to synovial tissues

What are the virulence factors found in E. rhusiopathiae?

Neuraminidase + Hyaluronidase + Capsule

What does neuraminidase do?

Adherence to endothelial cells

What does hyaluronidase do?

helps with invasion of tissue

What does the capsule in E. rhusiopathiae allow for?

Survival and growth in phagocytes

At what age are swine most susceptable to E. Rhusiopathiae?

3 to 18 months

What is seen in swine with E. Rhusiopathiae?

Acute swine erysiplelas | Severe/mild septicemia

What occurs in swine with chronic forms of E. Rhusiopathiae?

Arthritis + Endocarditis

What is seen in young lambs with E. Rhusiopathiae?

Polyarthritis

How does infection of E. rhusiopathiae occur in young lambs?

Umbilicus + Skin wounds

What occurs in adult sheep with E. rhusiopathiae?

Post-dipping lameness | Pneumonia + Endocarditis

What is seen with poultry that have an E. rhusiopathiae infection?

Actue septicemia w/ sudden death | Chronic arthritis with endocarditis may occur

What is the basic treatment for E. rhusiopathiae?

Penicillin + Tetracyclines | None effective for chronic disease