Lecture 18 - Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas Flashcards by Raegan Chambers

Motile

Proteus + Enterobacter

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Non-motile

Klesiella

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Lactose fermentation

Klebsiella + Enterobacter

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Urease

Proteus + Klebsiella

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H2S production in TSI

Proteus

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Nosocomial Infections: Klebsiella

Surgical wounds + Urinary tract + Blood

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Nosocomial Infections: Enterobacter

Contaminated cleaning solutions

UTI

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What species of enterobacter is responsible for nosocomial infections due to contaminated cleaning solutions ?

E. Cloacae

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What species of enterobacter are responsible for nosocomial infections causing UTI’s?

E. Cloacae + E. Hormaechei

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What does PESSKY Strains stand for?

Proteus 
E. Coli 
Salmonella 
Shigella 
Klebsiella 
Enterobacter
Yersinia 
Serratia

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What do you see clinically most often with proteus infections?

Chronic otitis externa

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What animal most often sees otitis externa due to Proteus?

Dogs

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What three bacteria are most commonly the cause of chronic otitis externa in dogs?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Proteus
Enterococcus

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What bacteria is the most common cause of otitis externa in dogs?

P. Aeruginosa

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What animals are most commonly infected with Klebsiella?

Dogs
Cats
Horses
Cattle

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Where is Klebsiella a normal part of the flora in dogs and cats?

Nasopharyngeal + Intestinal

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What is Klebsiella associated with in cats and dogs?

GI + Gentiourinary tract infections
Systemic bacteremia
Nosocomial infections

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What are virulence factors seen in Klebsiella that affects dogs and cats?

Shiga toxin

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What is klebsiella a common cause of in horses?

Chronic endometritis

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Why is endometriosis caused by klebsiella most often chronic in nature?

Forms a biofilm making antibiotics less efficient

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What does Klebsiella cause in stallions?

Balanoposthitis

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Is Klebsiella a STD?

NO, but is sexually transmitted

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What occurs with cattle infected with Klebsiella?

Coliform mastitis

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What bacteria with Klebsiella can also cause coliform mastitis in cattle?

Enterobacter

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What type of enterobacter infects dogs and cats?

E. cloacae

What is Enterobacter Cloacae responsible for in cats and dogs?

Nosocomial infections, most commonly in the IV catheter

When are dogs more at risk for infection by Enterobacter?

Any prior AB use Surgery Increased duration in the hospital

What can Proteus, Klebsiella, and enterobacter be cultured on most commonly?

Blood agar + MacConkey

Which of the bacteria shows a swarming growth pattern on blood agar?

Proteus

Which of the bacteria appear yellow on MAC? (including from previous lectures)

Proteus + Salmonella

Which of the bacteria appear pink on MAC? (including from previous lectures)

Enterobacter + Klenellia + E. Coli

What needs to be taken into consideration with treatment of Klebsiella?

Geographic AB resistance

What should a UTI due to Klensiella be treated with most commonly?

Cephalexin + Cephalosporin

What strain of Proteus is most commonly responsible for UTI's?

P. Mirabilis

What should a UTI due to P. Mirabilis be treated with?

Ampicillin

What readily kills Proteus, Klebsiella, and enterobacter?

Sunlight + desication

What are Proteus, Klebsiella, and enterobacter NOT killed by?

Freezing

Pseudomonas: Gram

Negative

Pseudomonas: motile

Single or multiple polar flagella

Pseudomonas: Capsule

Carbohydrate containing | Alginate

Pseudomonas: Oxygen requirements

Aobligate aerobe

Pseudomonas: Oxidase

Positive

Pseudomonas: Catalase

Positive

Pseudomonas: MacConkey

Growth, no fermentation = Yellow

What are the four pigments created by Pseudomonas?

Pyo - cyanin + verdin + rubin + melanin

What does pyocyanin stand for?

Chloroform soluble - generate ROS | Virulence factor

What does pyoverdin mean?

Presence of siderophore | Florescent

When you see pyorubin and pyomelanin?

Late in the infections

What are the four most significant pseudomonas species?

Aeruginosa Putida Fluorescens Syringae

Where is P. Syringae found?

Plants

When is P. Fluorescens possible pathogenic?

Can grow in blood products

What is P. Putida used for?

Bioremediation

What is the most common cause of veterinary related diseases when it comes to Pseudomonas?

P. Aeruginosa

What is important to note about pseudomonas infections?

Ubiquitous in environment | Impossible to prevent exposure

What are the two big determining factors on whether Pseudomonas causes an infection?

Host + Environment

What are the virulence factors in pseudomonas?

Exotoxin A Bioflims Resistance

What is Exotoxin A?

Cytotoxic | Extracellular = tissue damage + septicemia

What delivers Exotoxin A to the host?

T3SS via injectosome

What causes the bioflim in pseudomonas?

Aliginate - slime like polysaccharide

What are the methods pseudomonas uses to be more resistant to AB's?

Low outer membrane permeability | Muti-drug efflux pumps

What does pseudomonas tend to do to the skin in infections?

Maceration

What three structures allow for pseudomonas to adhere to tissue?

Fibriae + Capsules + Flagella

What helps pseudomonas further in the attachment process?

Exoenzymes + Biofilm + Siderophore production

What occurs in post invasion of pseudomonas?

``` Tissue damage (Exotoxin A) Pyocyanin (ROS production) ```

What kind of pathogen is pseudomonas? (based on infection requirements)

opportunistic - needs alteration in host defense

What types of infections are seen with pseudomonas?

Pneumonia + Bacteremia + Infections of eyes, ears, UT + Surgical sites

Pseudomonas: Dogs

Chronic purulent otitis externa | Ulcerative Keratitis

Pseudomonas: Horses

Ulcerative Keratitis Chronic Endometriosis Balanoposthitis

Pseudomonas: Sheep

Dermatitis | Fleece rot

Pseudomonas: Minks, Chinchillas

Septicemic Disease

Pseudomonas: Poultry

Septicemic disease

What animals is highly sensitive to pseudomonas?

Minks

Pseudomonas: Snakes

Necrotic stomatitis

Pseudomonas: Goats

Gangrenous mastitis

Pseudomonas: Cattle

Mastitis

What does pseudomonas look like on blood agar plates?

Gunmetal grey | Very large colonies

Pseudomonas: Hemolysis

Beta

Pseudomonas: Oxidase

Positive

How do you tell pseudomonas apart from enterobacteriacea?

E. is oxidase negative

Pseudomonas: MacConkey

Lactose negative

Pseudomonas: TSI

unchanged

What AB's are commonly used with Pseudomonas infections?

Aminoglycosides + Carboxypenicillins

what is a bad AB's to use with Pseudomonas infections? why?

B-lactams | Many pseudomonas strains have B-lactamase

What animals have vaccines against pseudomonas?

Minks + Chinchillas

What should life threatening pseudomonas infections in dogs and cats be treated with?

Carbenicillin + Aminoglycosides

What are good AB's to use in empiric therapy in dogs and cats with pseudomonas?

Gentamicin Amikacin Tobramycin

What is the Pseudomonas vaccine type for minks and chinchillas?

Multicomponent | Protein antigens from LPS + Toxoids