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Psychology > Lec. 9 (prenatal + infancy) > Flashcards

Lec. 9 (prenatal + infancy) Flashcards

1
Q

a single sperm cell penetrates the outer coating of the egg and fuses to form one fertilized cell

A

conception

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2
Q

a _____ is a fertilized cell with 100 cells

A

zygote

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3
Q

at about _____ _____, the zygote turns into an EMBRYO

A

14 days

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4
Q

during prenatal development, the embryo is especially susceptible to the _______ here

A

environment (what mom eats, viruses, smokes)

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5
Q

at ______ ______, an embryo turns into a FETUS

A

9 weeks

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6
Q

chemical or viruses that can enter the placenta and harm the developing FETUS

A

teratogens

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7
Q

a way to organize a lot of ideas; a “concept” or category

A

schema

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8
Q

mental molds into which we pour our experiences

A

schemas

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9
Q

schemas are like a _____ ______ for our experiences/ideas

A

file folder

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10
Q

who came up with the Theory of COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

A

Piaget

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11
Q

theory regarding the two processes that allow infants to gain new knowledge about the world

A

cognitive development

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12
Q

two process that allow infants to gain NEW knowldge about the world (Cognitive Development):

A

1) assimilation
2) accommodation

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13
Q

process of cognitive develop: the process of trying to fit new objects into EXISTING schemas

A

assimilation

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14
Q

process of cognitive develop: the process of CHANGING existing schemas to fit new objects

A

accommodation

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15
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Development (4):

A

1) sensorimotor
2) preoperational
3) concrete operational
4) formal operational

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16
Q

age for sensorimotor stage = `

A

0 -2

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17
Q

age for preoperational stage =

A

2 - 7

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18
Q

age for concrete operational =

A

7 - 11

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19
Q

age for formal operational =

A

12 +

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20
Q

as Piaget’s stages of development progesses, ______ ______ increases

A

thinking power

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21
Q

piaget stage of development: mental acitvity is confined to schemas about sensory functions and motor skills; “out of sight/reach, out of mind”

A

sensorimotor

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22
Q

in sensorimotor stage, you learn by conducting experiments to understand _____, ______, and ______

A

time, space, and causality

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23
Q

END of sensorimotor stage is _______ ______

A

object permanence

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24
Q

the realization that an object still exists if you cannot see it

A

object permanence

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25
Q

thinking during the sensorimotor stage is dominated by what they can _____ and ______

A

see + reach

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26
Q

piaget stage of development: begin to understand, create, and use SYMBOLS to represent things that are not present (ex: a picture of mommy represents mommy; a doll represents a friend)

A

preoperational

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27
Q

during preoperational stage, they begin to make ______ _______ about the world as they try to determine how things work

A

intuitive guesses

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28
Q

during preoperational stage, thinking is STILL dominated by what they can _______ (ex: cat wearing a dog mask is a dog)

29
Q

children during preoperatinoal stage are highly _________

A

egocentric

30
Q

trait in which children appear to believe that the way things look to them is how they look to everyone else; they are the CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE

A

egocentric

31
Q

children in preoperational stage are highly egocentric due to a lack of ____________

A

“theory of mind”

32
Q

children during preoperational stage do NOT yet understand _________

A

conservation

33
Q

the ability to understand another’s mental state

A

theory of mind

34
Q

piaget stage of development: start to use logical rules to guide thinking; can start MENTALLY TRANSFORMING information

A

concrete operational

35
Q

during concrete operational, cognition is no longer dominated only by what can be seen, BUT still limited to _______ objects

36
Q

can you think about abstract or hypothetical ideas during the concrete operation stage?

37
Q

during concrete operational, what starts to diminish?

A

egocentrism (can now see others POV)

38
Q

piaget stage of development: emergence of the ability to engage in HYPOTHETICAL, ABSTRACT thinking; scientific reasoning ability develops

A

formal operational

39
Q

abstract thinking ability during formal operational stage leads to __________/_________

A

self-awareness/self-consciousness

40
Q

adolescent starting to think about themselves and their place in the world; discovering their individual identity in society

A

self-awareness/self-consciousness

41
Q

the formal operational stage coincides with the “________” adolescent phase

A

rebellious

42
Q

ability to think abstractly in formal operational leads what TWO types of cognitive distortions?

A

1) adolescent egocentrism (imaginary audience)
2) personal fable

43
Q

cognitive distortion in formal operational: “everyone is looking at me;” “they are just as preoccupied with me as I am”

A

adolescent egocentrism

44
Q

cognitive distortion in formal operational: “my experiences are unique;” “no one can understand what I am feeling”

A

personal fable

45
Q

abstract thinking ability also allows more advanced _______ _______

A

moral reasoning

46
Q

unlike cognitive development, SOCIAL development deals with ________

A

attachment

47
Q

a deep, affectionate, close, and enduring relationship between parent-infant

A

parent-infant attachment

48
Q

where does the ORIGIN of attachment come from?

A

bodily contact with mother; NOT bc of nourishment

49
Q

________ and ______________ encourages parent-infant attachment for higher intellectual/primate animals

A

comfort + bodily contact

50
Q

types of attachment (2):

A
  • secure attachment
  • insecure attachment
51
Q

type of attachment: infants urge to be close to mother is balanced by urge to explore the surrounding environment

A

secure attachment

52
Q

3 characteristics/categories of INSECURE attachment:

A
  • avoidant
  • ambivalent
  • disorganized
53
Q

characteristics of insecure attachment: INSECURE + QUIET; infant tends to avoid or ignore mother when she approaches or returns after a brief separation

54
Q

characteristics of insecure attachment: RESISTANT + ANGRY; infant is upset when mother leaves, but acts angry and rejects mother’s efforts at contact after a brief separation

A

ambivalent

55
Q

characteristics of insecure attachment: infant’s behavior is inconsistent, disturbed, and disturbing; bit of BOTH

A

disorganized

56
Q

different types of attachment have dif _________

A

consequences

57
Q

origin of attachment for LOWER animals (2):

A
  • familiarity
  • animal imprinting
58
Q

first thing an animal sees, they become attached

A

animal imprinting

59
Q

higher animals are more ________ when it comes to attachment

A

discriminatory

60
Q

3 distinct parenting styles among European-American parents:

A

1) authoritarian
2) permissive
3) authoritative

61
Q

parenting style: parents tend to be strict, punishing, and unsympathetic

A

authoritarian

62
Q

parenting style: parents give their children complete freedom and provide little discipline

A

permissive

63
Q

parenting style: parents fall between the extremes

A

authoritative

64
Q

parenting style related to young children’s _________ and ________ development

A

social and emotional

65
Q

____% of children express SECURE attachment, meaning they’re more likely to explore their environment happily in their presence

66
Q

____% of children show insecure attachment, where they cling to mothers and are less likely to explore their environment

67
Q

parenting styles and attachment also affects the children’s _________ in the future

A

relationships

68
Q

parenting style on behavior emphasizes the importance of ________

Psychology (23 decks)

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