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Psychology > Lec. 9 (prenatal + infancy) > Flashcards

Lec. 9 (prenatal + infancy) Flashcards

1
Q

a single sperm cell penetrates the outer coating of the egg and fuses to form one fertilized cell

A

conception

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2
Q

a _____ is a fertilized cell with 100 cells

A

zygote

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3
Q

at about _____ _____, the zygote turns into an EMBRYO

A

14 days

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4
Q

during prenatal development, the embryo is especially susceptible to the _______ here

A

environment (what mom eats, viruses, smokes)

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5
Q

at ______ ______, an embryo turns into a FETUS

A

9 weeks

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6
Q

chemical or viruses that can enter the placenta and harm the developing FETUS

A

teratogens

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7
Q

a way to organize a lot of ideas; a “concept” or category

A

schema

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8
Q

mental molds into which we pour our experiences

A

schemas

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9
Q

schemas are like a _____ ______ for our experiences/ideas

A

file folder

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10
Q

who came up with the Theory of COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

A

Piaget

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11
Q

theory regarding the two processes that allow infants to gain new knowledge about the world

A

cognitive development

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12
Q

two process that allow infants to gain NEW knowldge about the world (Cognitive Development):

A

1) assimilation
2) accommodation

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13
Q

process of cognitive develop: the process of trying to fit new objects into EXISTING schemas

A

assimilation

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14
Q

process of cognitive develop: the process of CHANGING existing schemas to fit new objects

A

accommodation

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15
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Development (4):

A

1) sensorimotor
2) preoperational
3) concrete operational
4) formal operational

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16
Q

age for sensorimotor stage = `

A

0 -2

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17
Q

age for preoperational stage =

A

2 - 7

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18
Q

age for concrete operational =

A

7 - 11

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19
Q

age for formal operational =

A

12 +

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20
Q

as Piaget’s stages of development progesses, ______ ______ increases

A

thinking power

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21
Q

piaget stage of development: mental acitvity is confined to schemas about sensory functions and motor skills; “out of sight/reach, out of mind”

A

sensorimotor

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22
Q

in sensorimotor stage, you learn by conducting experiments to understand _____, ______, and ______

A

time, space, and causality

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23
Q

END of sensorimotor stage is _______ ______

A

object permanence

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24
Q

the realization that an object still exists if you cannot see it

A

object permanence

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25
thinking during the sensorimotor stage is dominated by what they can _____ and ______
see + reach
26
piaget stage of development: begin to understand, create, and use SYMBOLS to represent things that are not present (ex: a picture of mommy represents mommy; a doll represents a friend)
preoperational
27
during preoperational stage, they begin to make ______ _______ about the world as they try to determine how things work
intuitive guesses
28
during preoperational stage, thinking is STILL dominated by what they can _______ (ex: cat wearing a dog mask is a dog)
see
29
children during preoperatinoal stage are highly _________
egocentric
30
trait in which children appear to believe that the way things look to them is how they look to everyone else; they are the CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE
egocentric
31
children in preoperational stage are highly egocentric due to a lack of ____________
"theory of mind"
32
children during preoperational stage do NOT yet understand _________
conservation
33
the ability to understand another's mental state
theory of mind
34
piaget stage of development: start to use logical rules to guide thinking; can start MENTALLY TRANSFORMING information
concrete operational
35
during concrete operational, cognition is no longer dominated only by what can be seen, BUT still limited to _______ objects
concrete
36
can you think about abstract or hypothetical ideas during the concrete operation stage?
no
37
during concrete operational, what starts to diminish?
egocentrism (can now see others POV)
38
piaget stage of development: emergence of the ability to engage in HYPOTHETICAL, ABSTRACT thinking; scientific reasoning ability develops
formal operational
39
abstract thinking ability during formal operational stage leads to __________/_________
self-awareness/self-consciousness
40
adolescent starting to think about themselves and their place in the world; discovering their individual identity in society
self-awareness/self-consciousness
41
the formal operational stage coincides with the "________" adolescent phase
rebellious
42
ability to think abstractly in formal operational leads what TWO types of cognitive distortions?
1) adolescent egocentrism (imaginary audience) 2) personal fable
43
cognitive distortion in formal operational: "everyone is looking at me;" "they are just as preoccupied with me as I am"
adolescent egocentrism
44
cognitive distortion in formal operational: "my experiences are unique;" "no one can understand what I am feeling"
personal fable
45
abstract thinking ability also allows more advanced _______ _______
moral reasoning
46
unlike cognitive development, SOCIAL development deals with ________
attachment
47
a deep, affectionate, close, and enduring relationship between parent-infant
parent-infant attachment
48
where does the ORIGIN of attachment come from?
bodily contact with mother; NOT bc of nourishment
49
________ and ______________ encourages parent-infant attachment for higher intellectual/primate animals
comfort + bodily contact
50
types of attachment (2):
- secure attachment - insecure attachment
51
type of attachment: infants urge to be close to mother is balanced by urge to explore the surrounding environment
secure attachment
52
3 characteristics/categories of INSECURE attachment:
- avoidant - ambivalent - disorganized
53
characteristics of insecure attachment: INSECURE + QUIET; infant tends to avoid or ignore mother when she approaches or returns after a brief separation
avoidant
54
characteristics of insecure attachment: RESISTANT + ANGRY; infant is upset when mother leaves, but acts angry and rejects mother's efforts at contact after a brief separation
ambivalent
55
characteristics of insecure attachment: infant's behavior is inconsistent, disturbed, and disturbing; bit of BOTH
disorganized
56
different types of attachment have dif _________
consequences
57
origin of attachment for LOWER animals (2):
- familiarity - animal imprinting
58
first thing an animal sees, they become attached
animal imprinting
59
higher animals are more ________ when it comes to attachment
discriminatory
60
3 distinct parenting styles among European-American parents:
1) authoritarian 2) permissive 3) authoritative
61
parenting style: parents tend to be strict, punishing, and unsympathetic
authoritarian
62
parenting style: parents give their children complete freedom and provide little discipline
permissive
63
parenting style: parents fall between the extremes
authoritative
64
parenting style related to young children's _________ and ________ development
social and emotional
65
____% of children express SECURE attachment, meaning they're more likely to explore their environment happily in their presence
60%
66
____% of children show insecure attachment, where they cling to mothers and are less likely to explore their environment
30%
67
parenting styles and attachment also affects the children's _________ in the future
relationships
68
parenting style on behavior emphasizes the importance of ________
NURTURE

Psychology (23 decks)

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