Lec. 7 (hypnosis drugs) Flashcards by Zoe Channel

T/F: dreams are difficult to study scientifically

true

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the study of dreams has mostly been done by _________, but you can’t believe everything he’s done

Freud

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characteristics of dreams (4):

intense emotion
illogical thought (doesnt make sense)
uncritical acceptance
difficulty remembering

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only time you remember dreams is when you wake up during _______ sleep

REM

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T/F: the longer you’re awake, the more the memory of the dream dissapates

true

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a Freudian term meaning the store line of dreams; what the dream is ABOUT

Manifest Content

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3 types of “Manifest Content”

1) negative emotional content
2) failure dreams
3) sexual dreams

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_____ out of _____ dreams have NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL content

8 out of 10

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T/F: ppl rarely dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune

false (very common)

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contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are ________

sparse

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sexual dreams in MEN are _____ in _______ and are _____ in ______ for WOMEN

1 in 10; 1 in 30

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according to Freud, “dreams unlock our ______ ________”

unconscious desires

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T/F: dreams and Freuds theories have influenced a lot of literature, movies, etc

true

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Theories of WHY we dream (4):

1) wish fulfillment (Freud)
2) Information-processing function
3) physiological function (preservation)
4) activation-synthesis (making sense of neural “noise”)

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theory of why we dream: “psych safety valve;” dreams allow us to do what society says we can’t do

wish fulfillment

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who said that we dream due to wish fulfillment?

Freud

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theory of why we dream: organizing and filing away the day’s information

info-processing function

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theory of why we dream: preserves neural pathways; dreams strengthens the # of dendritic connections which aids in MEMORY; activates random images through the process which causes dreams

physiological function (preservation)

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theory of why we dream: making sense of
neural “NOISE;” different neutrons and networks are activated during sleep; brain is NOT “off;” weaves it into a story

activation-synthesis

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a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) SUGGESTS to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

hypnosis

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hypnosis is NOT a ________ state

mystical

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hypnosis is a state when you’re incredibly ___________ and some ppl may become very suggestible

relaxed

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what kind of brain waves are emitted when your in hypnosis?

alpha waves

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T/F: everyone can be hypnotized completely

false (but most)

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if you are more _______, then you are more easily hypnotized in general

gullible

those who practice hypnosis agree that its power resides in the subjects openness to _______

suggestion

can anyone experience hypnosis?

yes, to some extent

can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?

can hypnosis force ppl to act against their will?

can hypnosis be therapeutic?

yes. self-suggestion can heal too.

can hypnosis alleviate pain?

yes.

what, in addition to hypnosis, can help alleviate pain?

Lamaze (breathing exercises for birth)

breathing exercises for birth

Lamaze

2 Theories of the Hypnotized State:

1) Social Influence theory 2) Divided Consciousness theory

theory of the hypnotized state: "hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role"

social influence theory

theory of the hypnotized state: "hypnosis is a special state of dissociated (divided) consciousness

divided consciousness theory

which hypnosis theory: attention is diverted from an aversive odor. "hypnosis has caused a split in awareness"

divided consciousness theory

which hypnosis theory: attention is diverted from an aversive odor. "the subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the odor"

social influence theory

a chemical substance that alters perception and mood (affects consciousness)

psychoactive drug

ex of psychoactive drug

aspirin

ppl who take psychoactive drugs are incredibly prone to ________ and _______

addiction + dependence

psychoactive drugs act directly on the ________ and _____________

brain and spinal cords

continued use of a psychoactive drugs produces ___________

tolerance

with repeated exposure to a drug, the drug's effect ________. thus it takes _________ quantities to get the desired effect.

lessens; greater

3 TYPES of psychoactive drugs:

1. depressants 2. stimulants 3. hallucinogens

type of psychoactive drug: reduces nervous system activity; decreases firing rate of neurons

depressants

type of psychoactive drug: increases firing rate of neurons

stimulants

type of psychoactive drug: creates hallucinations (auditory or visual)

hallucinogens

psychoactive drugs exert effects at the ______

SYNAPSE

depressants give ppl what kind of effect?

sedative/calming effect

3 types of Depressants:

- alcohol - barbiturates (tranquilizers) - opiates

type of depressant: affects motor skills, judgement, and memory... and increases AGGRESSIVENESS while reducing self awareness

alcohol

hard depressants

barbiturates (tranquilizers)

drug related to morphine and heroine

opiates

opiates, morphine, and heroine are AGONISTS of _________

endorphines

type of depressant: drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, REDUCING anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

barbiturates

examples of barbiturates (2):

- anesthetics - tranquilizers

examples of BRANDS of anesthetics + tranquilizers (barbiturates - 3)

- Nembutal - Seconal - Amytal

barbiturates are a more ___________ depressant than alcohol

widespread

type of depressant: opium and its derivatives (morphine + heroine); agonist for endorphin; LESSEN pain; highly ADDICITIVE

opiates

types of STIMULANTS (5):

- amphetamines - caffeine - meth - nicotine - ecstasy (MDNA/molly)

type of stimulant: increases heart rate and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to PROVIDE energy; most COMMON (2)

nicotine + caffeine

ppl with _______ are often prescribed stimulants to increase activity in the brain that allows them to have more control of their attention

ADHD

type of stimulant: induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash

cocaine

by binding to the sites that normally reabsorb NT molecules, cocaine blocks re-uptake of _________, ________, and _________; causes EUPHORIA

dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

concentrated cocaine; can be SMOKED

crack

cocaine acts directly on the ________ (by blocking the reuptake of those 3 NTs)

synapse

type of stimulant: releases DOPAMINE; suppresses endogenous (aka natural) dopamine

methamphetamine

T/F: meth eventually causes you to stop producing dopamine on your own

true

#1 epidemic in the US

meth

a form of ______ is prescribe to ADHD patients

meth

characteristics of meth addicts (2):

- loss of fat in face (gaunt face) - "meth mouth" (saliva production slows down dramatically)

when ppl lose fat in their face due to meth, it's called _____ _____

gaunt face

why do ppl get fucked up teeth + meth mouth from meth usage?

saliva production slows down dramatically

types of hallucinogens (2):

- LSD - marijuana

do hallucinogens affect NS activity or the firing rate of neurons?

type of psychoactive drug: drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absense of sensory input

hallucinogens

type of hallucinogen: powerful hallucinogenic drug that is know as ACID; very strong

LSD

LSD =

lysergic acid diethylamide

LSD causes primarily what type of hallucinations?

visual

type of hallucinogen: the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild/weak hallucinations, mood alteration, pain relief

THC

T/F: not every person experiences hallucinations on THC

true

3 INFLUENCES of drug use:

1) biological influences 2) social-cultural influences 3) psychological influences

types of biological influences (2):

- genetic predispositions - variations in NT systems

biological influences: boys who are _________/________ (genetic traits) tend to smoke/drink/use drugs

EXCITABLE/IMPULSIVE

biological influences: mice can be bred to like or dislike ______

alcohol

types of social-cultural influences (3):

- urban environment - cultural attitude toward drug use - peer influences

type of psychological influences (3):

- lacking sense of purpose - significant stress - psychological disorders, such as depression

examples of psychological/social/cultural influences of drug use (4):

- stress - peer influences - religion - laws (dry counties)