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Psychology > Lec. 21 (personality and psychodynamic) > Flashcards

Lec. 21 (personality and psychodynamic) Flashcards

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1
Q

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

A

personality

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2
Q

personality is the unique PATTERN of enduring ______, _______, and ______ that characterizes a person

A

thoughts, feelings, actions

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3
Q

personality is a _________ _________ – not directly observable but can be inferred from behavior

A

psychological construct

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4
Q

Sigmund Freud believed that our personalities, behavior, and behavior were determined mainly be what 2 things?

A

1) basic drives (physiological)
2) past psychological events

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5
Q

proposed that people are partly controlled by the UNCONSCIOUS part of their personality

A

Freud

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6
Q

approach to personality created by Freud; says “the interplay of various unconscious psychological processes determines thoughts, feelings, and behaviors”

A

psychodynamic approach

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7
Q

3 “worlds” of Freud’s Conception of the Personality Structure

A
  • conscious
  • preconscious
  • unconscious
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8
Q

“world” of Freud’s conception of personality structure: the REAL world; outside world

A

conscious

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9
Q

“world” of Freud’s conception of personality structure: INNER world; your mind

A

preconscious

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10
Q

3 elements of Freud’s conception of personality structure:

A
  • ego
  • id
  • superego
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11
Q

element of Freud’s conception of personality structure: reality principle

A

ego

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12
Q

element of Freud’s conception of personality structure: pleasure principle

A

id

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13
Q

element of Freud’s conception of personality structure: conscious and ego ideal

A

superego

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14
Q

Freud: personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our BIOLOGICAL impules (____) and SOCIAL restraints (_________)

A

id; superego

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15
Q

element of personality: portion of personality responsible for satisfying the demands of the Id; operates on the REALITY principle; AWARE of the outside world; “how can I obain pleasure in the real world?”

A

ego

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16
Q

element of personality: the UNCONSCIOUS portion of personality where the love and death instincts reside; operates on the PLEASURE principle; NOT aware of the outside world; “pleasure at any cost!”

A

id

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17
Q

element of personality: portion of personality that dictates what one should and should not do; learned, internalized rules from society, family, culture; your “conscience”

A

superego

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18
Q

EGO is the “moderator” between what 3 things?

A
  • id
  • superego
  • reality
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19
Q

“do whatever you have to do to get pleasure”

A

id

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20
Q

“don’t do the wrong thing; don’t bread the rules.”

A

superego

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21
Q

ego does NOT like ________

A

anxiety

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22
Q

types of Ego Anxieties (3):

A
  • moral anxiety
  • reality anxiety
  • neurotic anxiety
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23
Q

type of ego anxiety: conflict between SUPEREGO + ID; if you steal

A

moral anxiety

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24
Q

type of ego anxiety: conflict between EGO + REALITY; when you receive a bad grade and you are afraid of failing

A

reality anxiety

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25
Q

type of ego anxiety: conflict between ID + EGO; your fear that you may cheat on your spouse

A

neurotic anxiety

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26
Q

when dealing with anxieties, your ego responds with a ______ _________ to protect itself

A

defense mechanism

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27
Q

unconscious tactics your ego uses to prevent harmful material from “surfacing” by distorting reality (making stuff up; lying to oneself); reduces ego’s anxiety

A

defense mechanism

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28
Q

types of defense mechanisms (4):

A
  • repression
  • rationalization
  • projection
  • reaction formation
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29
Q

type of defense mechanism: unconsciously pushing threatening memories, urges, or ideas from conscious awareness; a person may experience loss of memory of unpleasant events

A

repression

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30
Q

type of defense mechanism: attempting to make actions or mistakes seem reasonable: the reasons or excuses given (ex: “I spank my children bc it is good for them.”) sound rational, but they are not the real reasons for the behavior

A

rationalization

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31
Q

type of defense mechanism: unconsciously attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or impulses to another person; instead of recognizing that “I hate him,” a person may feel that “He hates me.”

A

projection

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32
Q

type of defense mechanism: defending against unacceptable impulses by acting opposite to them; sexual interest in a married friend might appear as strong dislike instead

A

reaction formation

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33
Q

some behavior do occur but are not due to conflicts of ego/id/super-ego; rationally explained as _________ ______ ______

A

cognitive coping mechanisms

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34
Q

personality development stages accord. to Freud =

A

psycho-sexual stages

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35
Q

psycho-sexual stages (3):

A

1) oral stage
2) anal stage
3) phallic stage

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36
Q

oral stage ages =

A

0-1

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37
Q

anal stage ages =

A

2-3

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38
Q

phallic stage ages =

A

3-5

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39
Q

psycho-sexual stage: mouth is the center of pleasure; babies like to. put everything in their mouth

A

oral stage

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40
Q

psycho-sexual stage: most infants are starting to be toilet trained – clashes with instinctual pleasure in having bowel movements at will; toilet training that is too harsh or starts too early or late can lead to anal fixation

A

anal stage

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41
Q

according to Freud, toilet training that is too harsh or starts too early or late can lead to _______ _________

A

anal fixation

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42
Q

psycho-sexual stage: boys experience sexual desire toward mother; little boys hate the father who is competing for mother’s affection; boys fear of being castrated by father and causes anxiety to the ego; defense mechanisms cause boys to identify and love father and try to be like him; superego develops

A

phallic stage – BOYS

43
Q

psycho-sexual stage: girls also love their mother; have strong attachment; girls realize that they (and Mom) do not have penises and develop penis envy; penis envy causes girls to transfer their love to the father; now hate mother; but afraid of mom, who is in competition for father’s love; scared of mom, reaction formation kicks in and she develops a love for mom; superego develops

A

phallic stage – GIRLS

44
Q

BOYS phallic stage: boys fear of being castrated by father causes ANXIETY to _______

A

ego

45
Q

BOYS phallic stage: _______ _______ cause boy to identify and love father and try to be like him; ______ develops

A

defense mechanism; superego

46
Q

GIRLS phallic stage: girls realize that they (and Mom) do not have penises and develop ____ _____

A

penis envy

47
Q

GIRLS phallic stage: scared of mom, ______ _______ kicks in and she develops a love for mom; _______ develops

A

reaction formation; superego

48
Q

a projective test in which ppl express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

49
Q

test that seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

A

Rorschach Inkblot Test

50
Q

critics argue that projective tests lack both _______ (consistency of results) and ________ (predicting what it is supposed to do)

A

reliability + validity

51
Q

projective test criticisms (2):

A
  • when evaluating the same PT, even trained raters come up with different interpretations (reliability)
  • projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (validity)
52
Q

criticisms of Psychodynamic Theories (4):

A
  • based on case studies
  • inherently un-testable; not scientific
  • overestimated the importance of unconscious drives
  • inherently biased against females
53
Q

criticism of Psychodynamic Theories: findings based on counseling sessions with a handful of upperclass women in Victorian Europe (where sex was taboo); lacks generalizability

A

based on CASE STUDIES

54
Q

criticism of Psychodynamic Theories: can never be supported or unsupported

A

inherently un-testable; not scientific

55
Q

criticism of Psychodynamic Theories: an important basis of theory is that females are inferior (or feel inferior) to males

A

inherently BIASED against females

56
Q

evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective w/ MODERN RESEARCH: ________ develops throughout life and is not fixed in childhoold

A

personality

57
Q

evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective w/ MODERN RESEARCH: Freud underemphasized _____ ______ on the individual, which may be as powerful as parental guidance

A

peer influence

58
Q

evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective w/ MODERN RESEARCH: gender identify may develop before ___-____ years of age

A

5-6

59
Q

evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective w/ MODERN RESEARCH: there may be other reasons for dreams besides _____ _____

A

wish fulfillment

60
Q

evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective w/ MODERN RESEARCH: ______ _____ can be explain on the basis of cognitive processing of verbal choices

A

verbal slips

61
Q

evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective w/ MODERN RESEARCH: suppressed ______ leads to psychological disorders

A

sexuality

62
Q

evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective w/ MODERN RESEARCH: _____ _____ has decreased, but _____ _____ have not

A

sexual inhibition; psychological disorders

63
Q

Freud’s ONE contribution =

A

unconscious processing

64
Q

non-consciousness info processing involves: 1. ______ that automatically control perceptions + interpretations (top-down, bottom-up)

A

schemas

65
Q

non-consciousness info processing involves: 2. the _____-hemisphere activity that enables the split-brain patient’s left hand to carry out an instruction the patient cannot verbalize (split brain)

A

right

66
Q

non-consciousness info processing involves: 3. ______ ________ during vision and thinking

A

parallel processing

67
Q

non-consciousness info processing involves: 4. _______ _______ (procedural skillls)

A

implicit memories

68
Q

non-consciousness info processing involves: 5. _______ that activate instantly without consciousness (amygdala0

A

emotions

69
Q

non-consciousness info processing involves: 6. __________ and ________ that unconsciously influence us

A

self-concept + stereotypes

70
Q

an individual’s durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving; make up personality

A

trait

71
Q

examples of traits (4):

A
  • honest
  • dependable
  • moody
  • impulsive
72
Q

approach to personality; says “personality comes from a combination of traits”

A

Trait Approach

73
Q

Trait Approach says that personality traits remain _______ and ______ over time

A

stable and predictable

74
Q

Trait Approach says personality traits remain stable across ________

A

situations

75
Q

Trait Approach says people _____ with regard to HOW MUCH of a particular traits they possess

A

differ

76
Q

2 types of traits in ALLPORT’s Trait Theory

A
  • central traits
  • secondary traits
77
Q

type of trait in Allport’s Trait Theory: traits that organize and control one’s behavior in MANY DIFFERENT situations and are usually apparent to others; “letter of recommendation type traits;” ex: reliable, trustworthy, etc.

A

central traits

78
Q

type of trait in Allport’s Trait Theory: traits that are more SPECIFIC to CERTAIN situations and control far less behavior; dislikes crowds, shy around new people

A

secondary traits

79
Q

2 Major personality dimensions of EYSENCK’S Major Personality Dimension:

A

1) emotionally stable
2) introverted-extraverted

80
Q

EYSENCK’S Major Personality Dimensions says that different levels of each dimension will determine your _______

A

personality

81
Q

Eysenck also said that there were _________ differences between the major dimensions

A

biological

82
Q

According to Eysenck’s Major Personality Dimensions, introverts had _______ _______ that responded different than extraverts

A

nervous systems

83
Q

the biological differences in Eysenck’s Major Personality Dimensions was seen in _______ recordings of introverts vs. extraverts

A

EEG

84
Q

Eysenck’s Major Personality Dimensions: introverts’s ______ ______ responds DIFFERENTLY to a simple tone compared to extraverts

A

auditory cortex

85
Q

personality dimensions are influenced by _______

A

genes

86
Q

Biology and Personality: brain-imaging procedures show that extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain _________ is relatively low

A

arousal

87
Q

Biology and Personality: genes also influence our _______ and ______ style

A

temperament; behavioral

88
Q

differences in children’s shyness and inhibition may be attributed to _____ ______ _____ reactivity

A

autonomic nervous system

89
Q

the “BIG FIVE” personality factors

A

1) conscientiousness
2) agreeableness
3) neuroticism
4) openness
5) extraversion

CANOE**

90
Q

“BIG FIVE” personality factor: organized, careful, disciplined vs. disorganized, careless, impulsive

A

conscientiousness

91
Q

“BIG FIVE” personality factor:
soft-hearted, trusting, helping vs. ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative

A

agreeableness

92
Q

“BIG FIVE” personality factor: emotional stability vs. instability; calm, secure, self-satisfied vs. anxious, insecure, and self-pitying

A

neuroticism

93
Q

if you are calm, secure, and self-satisfied, you have _______ neuroticism

A

LOW

94
Q

“BIG FIVE” personality factor: imaginative, pref. for VARIETY, independent vs. practical, pref. for ROUTINE, conforming

A

openness

95
Q

“BIG FIVE” personality factor: sociable, fun-loving, affectionate vs. retiring, sober, reserved

A

extraversion

96
Q

asks direct questions about a person; quantitatively scored; you rate how strongly you agree or disagree to the statements (ex: “I worry about work a lot.’ I get angry easily.”

A

objective personality tests

97
Q

advantages of Objective Personality Tests (2):

A
  • efficiency
  • standardization
98
Q

disadvantage of objective personality tests:

A

subject to deliberate distortion

99
Q

examples of objective personality tests (2):

A
  • NEO-PI (general personality assessment)
  • MMPI (diagnosing of psychological)
100
Q

just like any test, personality tests should be ______ + _______

A

reliable + valid

101
Q

testing at different times should yield similar scores for the same person

A

reliable

102
Q

the test should measure what it says it measures (and not something else)

A

valid

103
Q

using _______ personality tests in HIRING PROCESS can help reduce thefts and other disruptive employee behaviors

A

objective

104
Q

problems/questions raised with Personality Tests (3):

A
  • how well do the tests predict behavior?
  • are the tests an invasion of privacy?
  • how will tests be interpreted and used in the future?

Psychology (23 decks)

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