Lec. 21 (personality and psychodynamic) Flashcards
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
personality
personality is the unique PATTERN of enduring ______, _______, and ______ that characterizes a person
thoughts, feelings, actions
personality is a _________ _________ – not directly observable but can be inferred from behavior
psychological construct
Sigmund Freud believed that our personalities, behavior, and behavior were determined mainly be what 2 things?
1) basic drives (physiological)
2) past psychological events
proposed that people are partly controlled by the UNCONSCIOUS part of their personality
Freud
approach to personality created by Freud; says “the interplay of various unconscious psychological processes determines thoughts, feelings, and behaviors”
psychodynamic approach
3 “worlds” of Freud’s Conception of the Personality Structure
- conscious
- preconscious
- unconscious
“world” of Freud’s conception of personality structure: the REAL world; outside world
conscious
“world” of Freud’s conception of personality structure: INNER world; your mind
preconscious
3 elements of Freud’s conception of personality structure:
- ego
- id
- superego
element of Freud’s conception of personality structure: reality principle
ego
element of Freud’s conception of personality structure: pleasure principle
id
element of Freud’s conception of personality structure: conscious and ego ideal
superego
Freud: personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our BIOLOGICAL impules (____) and SOCIAL restraints (_________)
id; superego
element of personality: portion of personality responsible for satisfying the demands of the Id; operates on the REALITY principle; AWARE of the outside world; “how can I obain pleasure in the real world?”
ego
element of personality: the UNCONSCIOUS portion of personality where the love and death instincts reside; operates on the PLEASURE principle; NOT aware of the outside world; “pleasure at any cost!”
id
element of personality: portion of personality that dictates what one should and should not do; learned, internalized rules from society, family, culture; your “conscience”
superego
EGO is the “moderator” between what 3 things?
- id
- superego
- reality
“do whatever you have to do to get pleasure”
id
“don’t do the wrong thing; don’t bread the rules.”
superego
ego does NOT like ________
anxiety
types of Ego Anxieties (3):
- moral anxiety
- reality anxiety
- neurotic anxiety
type of ego anxiety: conflict between SUPEREGO + ID; if you steal
moral anxiety
type of ego anxiety: conflict between EGO + REALITY; when you receive a bad grade and you are afraid of failing
reality anxiety
type of ego anxiety: conflict between ID + EGO; your fear that you may cheat on your spouse
neurotic anxiety
when dealing with anxieties, your ego responds with a ______ _________ to protect itself
defense mechanism
unconscious tactics your ego uses to prevent harmful material from “surfacing” by distorting reality (making stuff up; lying to oneself); reduces ego’s anxiety
defense mechanism
types of defense mechanisms (4):
- repression
- rationalization
- projection
- reaction formation
type of defense mechanism: unconsciously pushing threatening memories, urges, or ideas from conscious awareness; a person may experience loss of memory of unpleasant events
repression
type of defense mechanism: attempting to make actions or mistakes seem reasonable: the reasons or excuses given (ex: “I spank my children bc it is good for them.”) sound rational, but they are not the real reasons for the behavior
rationalization
type of defense mechanism: unconsciously attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or impulses to another person; instead of recognizing that “I hate him,” a person may feel that “He hates me.”
projection
type of defense mechanism: defending against unacceptable impulses by acting opposite to them; sexual interest in a married friend might appear as strong dislike instead
reaction formation
some behavior do occur but are not due to conflicts of ego/id/super-ego; rationally explained as _________ ______ ______
cognitive coping mechanisms
personality development stages accord. to Freud =
psycho-sexual stages
psycho-sexual stages (3):
1) oral stage
2) anal stage
3) phallic stage
oral stage ages =
0-1
anal stage ages =
2-3
phallic stage ages =
3-5
psycho-sexual stage: mouth is the center of pleasure; babies like to. put everything in their mouth
oral stage
psycho-sexual stage: most infants are starting to be toilet trained – clashes with instinctual pleasure in having bowel movements at will; toilet training that is too harsh or starts too early or late can lead to anal fixation
anal stage
according to Freud, toilet training that is too harsh or starts too early or late can lead to _______ _________
anal fixation
psycho-sexual stage: boys experience sexual desire toward mother; little boys hate the father who is competing for mother’s affection; boys fear of being castrated by father and causes anxiety to the ego; defense mechanisms cause boys to identify and love father and try to be like him; superego develops
phallic stage – BOYS
psycho-sexual stage: girls also love their mother; have strong attachment; girls realize that they (and Mom) do not have penises and develop penis envy; penis envy causes girls to transfer their love to the father; now hate mother; but afraid of mom, who is in competition for father’s love; scared of mom, reaction formation kicks in and she develops a love for mom; superego develops
phallic stage – GIRLS
BOYS phallic stage: boys fear of being castrated by father causes ANXIETY to _______
ego
BOYS phallic stage: _______ _______ cause boy to identify and love father and try to be like him; ______ develops
defense mechanism; superego
GIRLS phallic stage: girls realize that they (and Mom) do not have penises and develop ____ _____
penis envy
GIRLS phallic stage: scared of mom, ______ _______ kicks in and she develops a love for mom; _______ develops
reaction formation; superego
a projective test in which ppl express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
test that seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Rorschach Inkblot Test
critics argue that projective tests lack both _______ (consistency of results) and ________ (predicting what it is supposed to do)
reliability + validity
projective test criticisms (2):
- when evaluating the same PT, even trained raters come up with different interpretations (reliability)
- projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (validity)
criticisms of Psychodynamic Theories (4):
- based on case studies
- inherently un-testable; not scientific
- overestimated the importance of unconscious drives
- inherently biased against females
criticism of Psychodynamic Theories: findings based on counseling sessions with a handful of upperclass women in Victorian Europe (where sex was taboo); lacks generalizability
based on CASE STUDIES
criticism of Psychodynamic Theories: can never be supported or unsupported
inherently un-testable; not scientific
criticism of Psychodynamic Theories: an important basis of theory is that females are inferior (or feel inferior) to males
inherently BIASED against females
evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective w/ MODERN RESEARCH: ________ develops throughout life and is not fixed in childhoold
personality
evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective w/ MODERN RESEARCH: Freud underemphasized _____ ______ on the individual, which may be as powerful as parental guidance
peer influence
evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective w/ MODERN RESEARCH: gender identify may develop before ___-____ years of age
5-6
evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective w/ MODERN RESEARCH: there may be other reasons for dreams besides _____ _____
wish fulfillment
evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective w/ MODERN RESEARCH: ______ _____ can be explain on the basis of cognitive processing of verbal choices
verbal slips
evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective w/ MODERN RESEARCH: suppressed ______ leads to psychological disorders
sexuality
evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective w/ MODERN RESEARCH: _____ _____ has decreased, but _____ _____ have not
sexual inhibition; psychological disorders
Freud’s ONE contribution =
unconscious processing
non-consciousness info processing involves: 1. ______ that automatically control perceptions + interpretations (top-down, bottom-up)
schemas
non-consciousness info processing involves: 2. the _____-hemisphere activity that enables the split-brain patient’s left hand to carry out an instruction the patient cannot verbalize (split brain)
right
non-consciousness info processing involves: 3. ______ ________ during vision and thinking
parallel processing
non-consciousness info processing involves: 4. _______ _______ (procedural skillls)
implicit memories
non-consciousness info processing involves: 5. _______ that activate instantly without consciousness (amygdala0
emotions
non-consciousness info processing involves: 6. __________ and ________ that unconsciously influence us
self-concept + stereotypes
an individual’s durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving; make up personality
trait
examples of traits (4):
- honest
- dependable
- moody
- impulsive
approach to personality; says “personality comes from a combination of traits”
Trait Approach
Trait Approach says that personality traits remain _______ and ______ over time
stable and predictable
Trait Approach says personality traits remain stable across ________
situations
Trait Approach says people _____ with regard to HOW MUCH of a particular traits they possess
differ
2 types of traits in ALLPORT’s Trait Theory
- central traits
- secondary traits
type of trait in Allport’s Trait Theory: traits that organize and control one’s behavior in MANY DIFFERENT situations and are usually apparent to others; “letter of recommendation type traits;” ex: reliable, trustworthy, etc.
central traits
type of trait in Allport’s Trait Theory: traits that are more SPECIFIC to CERTAIN situations and control far less behavior; dislikes crowds, shy around new people
secondary traits
2 Major personality dimensions of EYSENCK’S Major Personality Dimension:
1) emotionally stable
2) introverted-extraverted
EYSENCK’S Major Personality Dimensions says that different levels of each dimension will determine your _______
personality
Eysenck also said that there were _________ differences between the major dimensions
biological
According to Eysenck’s Major Personality Dimensions, introverts had _______ _______ that responded different than extraverts
nervous systems
the biological differences in Eysenck’s Major Personality Dimensions was seen in _______ recordings of introverts vs. extraverts
EEG
Eysenck’s Major Personality Dimensions: introverts’s ______ ______ responds DIFFERENTLY to a simple tone compared to extraverts
auditory cortex
personality dimensions are influenced by _______
genes
Biology and Personality: brain-imaging procedures show that extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain _________ is relatively low
arousal
Biology and Personality: genes also influence our _______ and ______ style
temperament; behavioral
differences in children’s shyness and inhibition may be attributed to _____ ______ _____ reactivity
autonomic nervous system
the “BIG FIVE” personality factors
1) conscientiousness
2) agreeableness
3) neuroticism
4) openness
5) extraversion
CANOE**
“BIG FIVE” personality factor: organized, careful, disciplined vs. disorganized, careless, impulsive
conscientiousness
“BIG FIVE” personality factor:
soft-hearted, trusting, helping vs. ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative
agreeableness
“BIG FIVE” personality factor: emotional stability vs. instability; calm, secure, self-satisfied vs. anxious, insecure, and self-pitying
neuroticism
if you are calm, secure, and self-satisfied, you have _______ neuroticism
LOW
“BIG FIVE” personality factor: imaginative, pref. for VARIETY, independent vs. practical, pref. for ROUTINE, conforming
openness
“BIG FIVE” personality factor: sociable, fun-loving, affectionate vs. retiring, sober, reserved
extraversion
asks direct questions about a person; quantitatively scored; you rate how strongly you agree or disagree to the statements (ex: “I worry about work a lot.’ I get angry easily.”
objective personality tests
advantages of Objective Personality Tests (2):
- efficiency
- standardization
disadvantage of objective personality tests:
subject to deliberate distortion
examples of objective personality tests (2):
- NEO-PI (general personality assessment)
- MMPI (diagnosing of psychological)
just like any test, personality tests should be ______ + _______
reliable + valid
testing at different times should yield similar scores for the same person
reliable
the test should measure what it says it measures (and not something else)
valid
using _______ personality tests in HIRING PROCESS can help reduce thefts and other disruptive employee behaviors
objective
problems/questions raised with Personality Tests (3):
- how well do the tests predict behavior?
- are the tests an invasion of privacy?
- how will tests be interpreted and used in the future?
