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Psychology > Lec. 11 (vision) > Flashcards

Lec. 11 (vision) Flashcards

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1
Q

how do we construct our representations of the external world?

A

sensation + perception

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2
Q

DETECT physical energy (a stimulus) from the environment and convert it into neural signals; processing external info inside our brain; raw data; BOTTOM-UP process

A

sensation

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3
Q

when we select, organize, and INTERPRET our sensations; adding meaning to our thoughts; separate objects and thoughs; TOP-DOWN process

A

perception

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4
Q

sensation is a ________ process and perception is a _________ process

A

bottom-up; top-down

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5
Q

T/F: sensation and perception occur at the same time in our brains

A

true

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6
Q

which process is determining the difference between the computer screen and the wall behind it?

A

perception

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7
Q

sensation (bottom-up processing): analysis of the stimulus begins with the ______ ______ and works up to the level of the brain and mind

A

sense receptors

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8
Q

perception (top-down processing): information processing guided by higher-level _______ _______ as we construct perceptions, drawing on our _______ + ________

A

mental process; experiences + expectations

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9
Q

during perception, we include ______ ______ into our thoughts

A

missing info

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10
Q

our sensory (bottom-up) and perceptual (top-down) processes work together to help us sort out _______ images

A

complex

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11
Q

light’s _____ ______ are perceived in specific ways (color and brightness)

A

physical properties

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12
Q

physical property of light that determines HUE (color) of light

A

wavelength

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13
Q

physical property of light that determines the INTENSITY (brightness) of light

A

amplitude

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14
Q

only 2 properties of light =

A

wavelength (color) + amplitude (brightness)

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15
Q

wavelength of light is measured in ______ or ______

A

meters or nanometers

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16
Q

short wavelength = which color?

A

violet

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17
Q

long wavelengths = which color?

A

red

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18
Q

short wavelengths that show violet are around ______ nm

A

400 nm

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19
Q

long wavelengths that show red are around ______ nm

A

700 nm

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20
Q

visible wavelength range =

A

400 - 750 nm

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21
Q

power or intensity of the radiant energy; the HEIGHT of the wave

A

amplitude

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22
Q

the higher the amplitude, the _____ the light

A

brighter

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23
Q

jelly-like, transparent fluid inside of the eyeball

A

vitreous humor

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24
Q

adjustable opening where light enters the eye; a HOLE

A

pupil

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25
Q

colored muscle surrounding the pupil, controls the aperture of the pupil; responds to light intensity or internal states; UNIQUE like fingerprints

A

iris

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26
Q

outer, protective covering of the eye

A

cornea

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27
Q

if you are RELAXED, your pupil _______

A

enlarges (opens up)

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28
Q

if you are CONCENTRATED, your pupil _______

A

gets smaller (clamps up)

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29
Q

if your pupil is unresponsive to light and does not change size, this can indicate what?

A

brain damage

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30
Q

pupil size is dependent on what 2 things?

A

amount of light + internal states/environment (ex: the task at hand)

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31
Q

what controls the size of the pupil?

A

iris

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32
Q

focuses light onto the retina; small muscles allow it to change shape to focus light – ACCOMODATIONS

A

lens

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33
Q

looking at something close and then far away; involuntary

A

accomodation

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34
Q

which part of the eye is responsible for accomodation?

A

the lens

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35
Q

the _______ of the lens is important for its function

A

flexibility

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36
Q

the flexibility of your lenses ______ with age and you can’t see close or far away as quickly (aka accommodation SLOWS down)

A

decreases

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37
Q

when lens get cloudy (cataracts), you can get surgery to replace them with a _______ version

A

plastic

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38
Q

a layer of photo-sensitive cells in the back surface of the eye ball

A

retina

39
Q

the retina _______ photons into chemical changes that result in neural impules

A

transduces

40
Q

converting light energy into chemical energy

A

transduction

41
Q

a central area of the retina that contains only CONES

A

fovea

42
Q

two main types of RECEPTORS/cells of the retina:

A
  • cones
  • rods
43
Q

the rest of the retina besides the fovea contains ______

A

rods

44
Q

the fovea is located where in the eye?

A

directly in the back of the eye, perpendicular

45
Q

site of transduction =

A

retina

46
Q

what causes your blind spot?

A

tail ends of neurons in retina going to optic nerve

47
Q

vision process (4):

A

1) light reaches the rods and cones
2) chemical reactions activate the bipolar cell layer
3) bipolar cells activate the ganglion cell layer
4) the axons of the ganglion cells bunch up to from the optic nerve

48
Q

3 layers of the retina:

A
  • ganglion layer
  • bipolar cell layer
  • photoreceptor layer
49
Q

only layer of the retina that is LIGHT SENSITIVE

A

photoreceptor layer

50
Q

which layer of the retina has axons/tails that bunch up to create the optic nerve?

A

ganglion cell layer

51
Q

highly aggregated (summarized) information from thousands of visual receptors are fed into the _______

A

ganglion

52
Q

ganglion “sees” a small part of the world, known as their “__________ ________”

A

receptive field

53
Q

types of activity of the ganglion (3):

A
  • high
  • medium
  • low
54
Q

type of ganglion activity: light on center and surround

A

medium

55
Q

type of ganglion activity: light on center; dark on surround

A

high

56
Q

type of ganglion activity: dark on BOTH center and surround

A

low

57
Q

the ganglion has highly _______ vision

A

abstracted (sees brightness, edge, light, and dark)

58
Q

carries signal from the eye to the brain

A

optic nerve

59
Q

point where the optic nerve leaves the eye

A

blind spot

60
Q

central point in the retina around which the eye’s cones cluster

A

fovea

61
Q

which one do we have more of — rods or cones?

A

rods

62
Q

number of rod receptors in our eyes =

A

~120 million

63
Q

number of cones in our eyes =

A

~6 million

64
Q

type of receptor: distributed ALL over the retina; detects black, white, grays

A

rods

65
Q

type of receptor: concentrated on fovea; function in bright light conditions

A

cones

66
Q

type of receptor: primarily responsible for PERIPHERAL vision and vision in the DARK

A

rods

67
Q

type of receptor: primarily responsible for detection of DETAIL and COLOR

A

cones

68
Q

T/F: you really don’t have color in your peripheral vision; top-down processing (perception) just fills it in

A

true

69
Q

to find a DIM star, you should find it in your _______ vision

A

peripheral (disappears when you look right at it)

70
Q

sensory switchboard; has left and right lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN)

A

thalamus

71
Q

where L and R hemispheres of vision cross

A

optic chiasm

72
Q

in journey from retina to brain, information is _______ and _____ many times, at all levels

A

processed and abstracted

73
Q

nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to specific features, such as edges, angles, and movement

A

feature detection

74
Q

do we have brain tissue devoted to FASCIAL recognition?

A

yes

75
Q

specific combinations of TEMPORAL lobe activity occur as people look at shoes, faces, chairs, and houses

A

shape detection

76
Q

processing of several aspects of the stimulus simultaneously; brain divides a visual scene into subdivisions such as color, depth, form, movement, etc.

A

parallel processing

77
Q

theories of COLOR vision (2):

A

1) tri-chromatic theory of color vision
2) opponent-process theory of color vision

78
Q

theory of color vision: any color can be produced by mixing pure versions of BLUE, GREEN, and RED light in different amount

A

tri-chromatic theory of color vision

79
Q

tri-chromatic theory of color vision says we have three types of ______

A

cones

80
Q

3 sub-types of cones according to tri-chromatic theory of color vision:

A
  • red cones
  • blue cones
  • green cones
81
Q

genetic disorder in which people are blind to green or red colors; SUPPORTS the trichromatic theory

A

color blindness

82
Q

fcolor blindness ______ the trichromatic theory

A

supports (ie. cant see red? red cones are working)

83
Q

the trichromatic theory cannot explain some quirks of color vision, such as _________

A

afterimages

84
Q

problem with trichromatic theory: red-green color blind people can see ______ – shouldn’t be possible bc it seems to be a pure color like R, G, and B

A

yellow

85
Q

theory of color vision: visual elements sensitive to color are grouped into three pairs; the members of each pair OPPOSE/INHIBIT each other

A

opponent-process theory of color vision

86
Q

3 pairs of opponent-process theory:

A
  • red-green
  • blue-yellow
  • black-white
87
Q

opponent-process theory of color vision explains the phenomenon of what 2 things?

A
  • complimentary colors
  • after images
88
Q

according to the opponent-process theory of color vision, if red is stimulated/shown, your ability to see ______ is inhibited

A

green (when red is taken away, green shoots up in afterimage)

89
Q

which color vision theory is correct?

A

both (color processing happens in stages/levels)

90
Q

TWO color processing stages/levels

A
  • photoreceptor level
  • ganglion cell layer
91
Q

color processing level: at this layer, you have 3 types of cones – TRICHROMATIC THEORY

A

photoreceptor layer

92
Q

color processing level: at this layer, there are receptors paired among complimentary colors – OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY

A

ganglion cell layer

93
Q

which layer of the retina sends visual info to the occipital lobe/visual cortex

A

ganglion cell layer

94
Q

the photoreceptor layer acts as “________” while the ganglion cell layer acts as the “_______”

A

employees; VP

Psychology (23 decks)

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