Lec. 19 (motivation) Flashcards by Zoe Channel

motivation is a ______ ______ just like intelligence!

psychological construct

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motivation is the factors that influence the ________, ________, _______, and ________ of behavior

initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence

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T/F: motivation cannot be directly observed, though, it is inferred from what can be observed

true

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Theories of Motivation (3):

1) instinct theory (evolutionary perspective)
2) drive reduction theory
3) arousal theory

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theory of motivation: “we behave the way we do bc of instincts; its is INNATE (biological approach)

instinct theory

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automatic, involuntary, and unlearned behavior patterns triggered by particular stimuli

instincts

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instinct theory ________ behavior, but does NOT ______ it

describes; explain

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you can make up instincts for anything =

post-talk

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says motivation was selected for and that its in our genes

instinct theory

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________ don’t have a lot of instincts (except for behavior for babies to latch onto nipple), but _______ do

humans; animals

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T/F: VAST majority of human behaviors are NOT instincts

true

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theory of motivation: says that an IMBALANCE in a system in your body (some system in the body is not physiologically balanced) drives motivation and creates a NEED; brain interprets the body’s need as a DRIVE

drive reduction theory

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a biological requirement for well-being

need

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a feeling of arousal

drive

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drive reduction theory interprets the body’s need as a ______

drive

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the drive reduction theory is based on ______ needs

biochemical

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drawback on drive reduction theory =

doesn’t explain everything; limited (ex: run a marathon, stay in school?)

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drive reduction theory PROCESS (3 components)

need –> drive –> drive-reducing behaviors

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drive reduction theory process: you have had no water in a long time, chemical balance in body is off

imbalance

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drive reduction theory process component: your body needs water to survive

need

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drive reduction theory process component: your brain interprets sensations from your body as THIRST

drive

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needs are ________
drives are ________

physiological
psychological

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theory of motivation: “ppl behave in ways to keep their arousal at optimum levels;” different for everyone

arousal theory

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a general level of ACTIVATION; can be many different things (level of activity in brain, level of sensory stimulation)

arousal

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LOW arousal; motivates you to do something to increase arousal

boredom

suggested that some needs have priority over others

Maslow

what did Maslow come up with to explain the priorities of needs

Hierarchy of Motives/Needs

Hierarchy of Needs in order:

1. physiological 2. safety 3. belongingness + love 4. esteem needs 5. self-actualization

hierarchy of needs: need to satisfy hunger and thirst

physiological needs

hierarchy of needs: need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

safety needs

hierarchy of needs: need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation

belongingness + love needs

hierarchy of needs: need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others

esteem needs

hierarchy of needs: need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential

self-actualization needs

T/F: hierarchy of needs says that you must satisfy lower level needs before you try and obtain high level needs

true

the general state of WANTING to eat

hunger

the general state of no longer wanting to eat; opposite of hunger

satiety

the once thought that the hungrier you were, the more _____ ______ you had

stomach contractions

proved that stomach contractions was unrelated to hunger; removed rat stomachs, connected the esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry (and ate food)

Tsang

levels of GLUCOSE in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the ______, _____, and _______

stomach, liver, and intestines

neurons in the stomach, liver, and intestines send signals to the ________ in the brain about low levels of glucose in the blood

hypothalamus

portion of hypothalamus that brings on hunger

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

the reduction of blood glucose stimulates _____ in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) which leads rats to eat

orexin

portion of the hypothalamus that DEPRESSES hunger; brings on satiety

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

hormone secreted by HYPOTHALAMUS; increases hunger

orexin

hormone secreted by STOMACH; increases hunger

ghrelin

monitors a number of hormones that are related to hunger

hypothalamus

hormone secreted by the PANCREAS; increases hunger

insulin

hormone secreted by FAT cells; decreases hunger

leptin

hormone secreted by DIGESTIVE TRACT/INTESTINES; decreases hunger

PYY

manipulating the later and the ventromedial hypothalamus alters the body's _____ ______

"weight thermostat"

if weight is LOST, food intake increases and energy expenditure decreases; if weight is GAINED, the opposite takes place

set point

when you decrease your calorie intake, your _______ and________ drops

weight + metoblic rate

T/F: your set point can be changed, it just takes time

true

obesity is defined as a BMI over _____

varied causes of obesity (3):

- brain may be slower to realize satiety - brain may be less sensitive to LEPTIN - genetic predisposition

eating disorder characterized by starvation excessive preoccupation with losing weight

anorexia nervosa

anorexia nervosa is a ______ disorder exacerbated by cultural notions of thinness

anorexia nervosa

social effect of obesity: when women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to _____ them

hire

affect the development of sexual characteristics and (especially animals) activate sexual behavior

sex hormones

male sex hormone

testosterone

female sex hormone

estrogen

produces testosterone

testes

produces estrogen

ovaries + adrenals

T/F: women have a small amount of testosterone and men have small amounts of estrogen

true

refers to a person's preference for relationships with

sexual orientation

homosexual = ____% of population

1-3%

bisexual = ____% of population

~1%

homosexuality is more likely based on BIOLOGICAL factors like... (3):

- differing brain areas - genetics - prenatal hormone exposure

T/F: it is unlikely that homosexuality is based on environmental (nurture) factors

true

T/F: a number of animal species are devoted to same-sex partners, suggesting that homosexuality exists in the animal world

true

factors that suggest homosexuality may be due to genetic factors (3):

- family - twin studies - fruit flies

homosexuality seems to run in ______

families

homosexuality is more common in ______ twins than _____ twins -- though there are mixed results

identical; fraternal

fruit flies: genetic engineers can _____ ______ females to act like males during courtship and males to act like females

genetically manipulate

biological correlates to homosexuality due to PRENATAL NORMAL EXPOSURE (5):

- hair whorl (maybe) - index/ring finger ratio - performance on tests of spatial ability - hypothalamic responses - fraternal birth order (w/ R handed brothers only)

hair whorl: 90% of men's hair whorl are _____ while 20% of gay mens are _____

CW; CCW

straight men: index is ____ than ring finer

bigger

gay men + women: index is _______ than ringer finger

equal to or smaller