Lec. 19 (motivation) Flashcards
motivation is a ______ ______ just like intelligence!
psychological construct
motivation is the factors that influence the ________, ________, _______, and ________ of behavior
initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence
T/F: motivation cannot be directly observed, though, it is inferred from what can be observed
true
Theories of Motivation (3):
1) instinct theory (evolutionary perspective)
2) drive reduction theory
3) arousal theory
theory of motivation: “we behave the way we do bc of instincts; its is INNATE (biological approach)
instinct theory
automatic, involuntary, and unlearned behavior patterns triggered by particular stimuli
instincts
instinct theory ________ behavior, but does NOT ______ it
describes; explain
you can make up instincts for anything =
post-talk
says motivation was selected for and that its in our genes
instinct theory
________ don’t have a lot of instincts (except for behavior for babies to latch onto nipple), but _______ do
humans; animals
T/F: VAST majority of human behaviors are NOT instincts
true
theory of motivation: says that an IMBALANCE in a system in your body (some system in the body is not physiologically balanced) drives motivation and creates a NEED; brain interprets the body’s need as a DRIVE
drive reduction theory
a biological requirement for well-being
need
a feeling of arousal
drive
drive reduction theory interprets the body’s need as a ______
drive
the drive reduction theory is based on ______ needs
biochemical
drawback on drive reduction theory =
doesn’t explain everything; limited (ex: run a marathon, stay in school?)
drive reduction theory PROCESS (3 components)
need –> drive –> drive-reducing behaviors
drive reduction theory process: you have had no water in a long time, chemical balance in body is off
imbalance
drive reduction theory process component: your body needs water to survive
need
drive reduction theory process component: your brain interprets sensations from your body as THIRST
drive
needs are ________
drives are ________
physiological
psychological
theory of motivation: “ppl behave in ways to keep their arousal at optimum levels;” different for everyone
arousal theory
a general level of ACTIVATION; can be many different things (level of activity in brain, level of sensory stimulation)
arousal
LOW arousal; motivates you to do something to increase arousal
boredom
suggested that some needs have priority over others
Maslow
what did Maslow come up with to explain the priorities of needs
Hierarchy of Motives/Needs
Hierarchy of Needs in order:
- physiological
- safety
- belongingness + love
- esteem needs
- self-actualization
hierarchy of needs: need to satisfy hunger and thirst
physiological needs
hierarchy of needs: need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
safety needs
hierarchy of needs: need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
belongingness + love needs
hierarchy of needs: need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others
esteem needs
hierarchy of needs: need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential
self-actualization needs
T/F: hierarchy of needs says that you must satisfy lower level needs before you try and obtain high level needs
true
the general state of WANTING to eat
hunger
the general state of no longer wanting to eat; opposite of hunger
satiety
the once thought that the hungrier you were, the more _____ ______ you had
stomach contractions
proved that stomach contractions was unrelated to hunger; removed rat stomachs, connected the esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry (and ate food)
Tsang
levels of GLUCOSE in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the ______, _____, and _______
stomach, liver, and intestines
neurons in the stomach, liver, and intestines send signals to the ________ in the brain about low levels of glucose in the blood
hypothalamus
portion of hypothalamus that brings on hunger
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
the reduction of blood glucose stimulates _____ in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) which leads rats to eat
orexin
portion of the hypothalamus that DEPRESSES hunger; brings on satiety
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
hormone secreted by HYPOTHALAMUS; increases hunger
orexin
hormone secreted by STOMACH; increases hunger
ghrelin
monitors a number of hormones that are related to hunger
hypothalamus
hormone secreted by the PANCREAS; increases hunger
insulin
hormone secreted by FAT cells; decreases hunger
leptin
hormone secreted by DIGESTIVE TRACT/INTESTINES; decreases hunger
PYY
manipulating the later and the ventromedial hypothalamus alters the body’s _____ ______
“weight thermostat”
if weight is LOST, food intake increases and energy expenditure decreases; if weight is GAINED, the opposite takes place
set point
when you decrease your calorie intake, your _______ and________ drops
weight + metoblic rate
T/F: your set point can be changed, it just takes time
true
obesity is defined as a BMI over _____
30
varied causes of obesity (3):
- brain may be slower to realize satiety
- brain may be less sensitive to LEPTIN
- genetic predisposition
eating disorder characterized by starvation excessive preoccupation with losing weight
anorexia nervosa
anorexia nervosa is a ______ disorder exacerbated by cultural notions of thinness
anorexia nervosa
social effect of obesity: when women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to _____ them
hire
affect the development of sexual characteristics and (especially animals) activate sexual behavior
sex hormones
male sex hormone
testosterone
female sex hormone
estrogen
produces testosterone
testes
produces estrogen
ovaries + adrenals
T/F: women have a small amount of testosterone and men have small amounts of estrogen
true
refers to a person’s preference for relationships with
sexual orientation
homosexual = ____% of population
1-3%
bisexual = ____% of population
~1%
homosexuality is more likely based on BIOLOGICAL factors like… (3):
- differing brain areas
- genetics
- prenatal hormone exposure
T/F: it is unlikely that homosexuality is based on environmental (nurture) factors
true
T/F: a number of animal species are devoted to same-sex partners, suggesting that homosexuality exists in the animal world
true
factors that suggest homosexuality may be due to genetic factors (3):
- family
- twin studies
- fruit flies
homosexuality seems to run in ______
families
homosexuality is more common in ______ twins than _____ twins – though there are mixed results
identical; fraternal
fruit flies: genetic engineers can _____ ______ females to act like males during courtship and males to act like females
genetically manipulate
biological correlates to homosexuality due to PRENATAL NORMAL EXPOSURE (5):
- hair whorl (maybe)
- index/ring finger ratio
- performance on tests of spatial ability
- hypothalamic responses
- fraternal birth order (w/ R handed brothers only)
hair whorl: 90% of men’s hair whorl are _____ while 20% of gay mens are _____
CW; CCW
straight men: index is ____ than ring finer
bigger
gay men + women: index is _______ than ringer finger
equal to or smaller
