Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology > Lec. 16 (memory - storage retrieval) > Flashcards

Lec. 16 (memory - storage retrieval) Flashcards

1
Q

ENCODING (how its stored) of sensory memory =

A

exact copy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ENCODING (how its stored) of STM/working memory =

A

phonemic (by how it sounds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ENCODING (how its stored) of LTM =

A

semantic (like a library)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CAPACITY of sensory memory =

A

LOTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CAPACITY of STM/working memory =

A

7 +- 2 chunks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CAPACITY of LTM =

A

unlimited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DURATION of sensory memory =

A

0.25 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DURATION of STM/working memory =

A

~18 seconds (unrehearsed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

DURATION of LTM =

A

> years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F: LTM lasts for however long you live (basically) and is PHYSICALLy etched into you brain

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a letter, word, or idea

A

chunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

model in which how we think memory works

A

Information Processing Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the Information Processing Model is also called what?

A

The Atkinson-Schriffrin Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do we know that memories are physically “written” in the brain?

A

from electrical stimulation during brain surgery that causes memory recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

one of the cortex’s most important functions – specifically in association areas

A

memories (distributed throughout)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F: even after removing parts of the brain, animals retain partial memory

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

synaptic enhancement after learning; a process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons; an important process in the context of synaptic plasticity.

A

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

writing of memories =

A

synaptic changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

synaptic changes in the brain when memories are written refers to an increase in _________ release of receptors on the _______ neuron

A

neurotransmitter; receiving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

two neurons frequently communicating thru NT signal = _________ connection

A

strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the connection ______ between two neurons determines if memories are formed and are placed in the LTM (physical mechanism in which memories are written in the brain)

A

strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

physically increasing the number of connections between synapses = the ______ level of learning

A

lowest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

___________ _______ (stress-related or otherwise) makes for stronger memories

A

heightened emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events (ex: 9/11, covid)

A

flashbulb memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
______ events heightens memory storage, especially through the release of _______
stressful; cortisol
26
memories are held in storage by a web of _________
associations (semantic)
27
web of associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory
retrieval cues
28
the semantic organization in LTM is through ______ _____
retrieval cues
29
T/F: anchos/concepts are close physically within the web of associations if they are related
true
30
to retrieve a specific memory from the web of association, you must first activate one of the strand that leads you to it; name of this process
priming
31
priming brings up _______ topics
related (not unrelated; ex: hare, not hair)
32
greater recall occurs when LEARNING and TESTING _______ are the same
context
33
the effects on recall between contexts in which you study and where you text (and whether or not they are the same) are not huge, but still ________
significant
34
cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience; "ive experience this before
deja vu
35
deja vu is retrieving a ________ memory and then ________ the retrieval
partial; misinterpreting
36
deja vu is _______ + _______ retrieval
unconscious + incomplete
37
we usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current ________
mood
38
another type of context effect that involves our current mood + memory
state-dependent memory
39
emotions, or moods, serve as _____ ______
retrieval cues
40
cues that allow you to retrieve a memory
retrieval cues
41
memory process/step: moving memory from STM to LTM
encoding
42
memory process/step: maintining in LTM
storage
43
memory process/step: getting memory from LTM
retrieval
44
why do we forget (3 reasons)?
- encoding failure - decay - retrieval failure
45
why we forget: short-term memory did not enter LTM
encoding failure
46
why we forget: barely recall information so memory gradually fades
decay
47
why we forget: memory trace is present in LTM, but cannot be retrieved; just can't pull it out of LTM
retrieval failure
48
the inability to retrieve info or a memory
forgetting
49
T/F: extra effort must be made to encode STM to LTM
true
50
ways to encode STM to LTM (2):
- rehearsing (shallow encoding) - method of loci (deep encoding)
51
way to encode STM to LTM: shallow and superficial way of encoding
rehearsing
52
way to encode STM to LTM: deep encoding; remembering a space that you know very well; mentally going through that location and placing facts within it; takes a LOT of effort
method of loci
53
example of encoding failure =
not know the letters that accompany the number 7 on your phone (objects are frequently seen, but information is never encoded)
54
memory decay can be due to deterioration of physical _________ ________ (____)
memory trace (LTP)
55
most FREQUENT reason why we forget info
retrieval failure
56
causes of retrieval failure (3):
- inadequate cues cannot retrieve memory trace - lack of context - interference
57
cause of retrieval failure: Tip of the Tongue Phenomena; forgetting the file name
inadequate cues cannot retrieve memory trace
58
cause of retrieval failure: a kind of cue (ex: seeing some familiar, but not sure from where)
lack of context
59
cause of retrieval failure: can be retroactive or proaticve
interference
60
types of INTERFERENCE (2):
- retroactive - proactive
61
type of INTERFERENCE: a NEW memory interferes with an OLD memory; "backward acting"
retroactive
62
type of INTERFERENCE: OLD information interferes with NEW information; "forward acting"
proactive interference
63
while retrieving our memories, we FILTER or FILL-IN missing pieces of information to make our recall coherent
memory construction
64
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
misinformation effect
65
misinformation effect is common in reports of _______ _______
car accidents
66
Loftus' research shows that if _______ memories (los at mall or drowned in a lake) are implanted in individuals, they construct (fabricate) new memories
false
67
ways to IMPROVE memory (7):
1) study repeatedly to boost long-term recall (spacing effect) 2) spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material 3) make material personally meaningful 4) use mnemonic devices 5) activate retrieval cues (mentally recreate the situation + mood) 6) recall events while they are fresh (before you encounter misinformation) 7) minimize interference
68
studying repeatedly to boost long-term recall
spacing effect
69
mnemonic device examples (3):
- associate with PEG words (something already stored) - make up a story - chunk (acronyms)
70
words already stored in the brain
PEG words
71
ways to minimize interference (2):
- test your own knowledge - rehearse and then determine what you don't know
72
a transient or long-term change in the brain that represents something (such as an experience) stored as a memory
memory trace

Psychology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions