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Psychology > Lec. 3 (neurons) > Flashcards

Lec. 3 (neurons) Flashcards

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1
Q

basic fundamental unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

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2
Q

the study of the cells and organs of the body and the physical and chemical changes involved in behavior + mental processes; branch of psychology concerned with the links between BIOLOGY and BEHAVIORS

(behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists)

A

biological psychology

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3
Q

nervous system components (“organs”) =

A

brain + spinal cord

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4
Q

brain is composed of ________ of neurons “connected” to each other

A

billions

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5
Q

of CONNECTIONS between neurons =

A

trillions

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6
Q

T/F: there are more neuron connections in your brain than there are stars in the universe

A

true

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7
Q

types of neurons (3):

A

1) sensory neuron
2) inter-neuron
3) motor neuron

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8
Q

type of neuron: sends information from the outside world TO the nervous system; exist outside the spinal cord

A

sensory neuron

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9
Q

type of neuron: exist strictly in the brain and spinal cord; process information

A

inter-neurons

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10
Q

type of neuron: send information from the nervous system to the rest of the body

A

motor neurons

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11
Q

PARTS of a neuron (3):

A
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • terminal branch
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12
Q

part of a neuron: ‘tree;” bushy TOP part

A

dendrites

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13
Q

part of a neuron: trunk

A

axon

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14
Q

part of a neuron: “roots”

A

terminal branch

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15
Q

neuron component: receives messages from other cells

A

dendrites

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16
Q

neuron component: the cell’s life-support center

A

cell body

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17
Q

neuron component: passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

A

axon

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18
Q

neuron component: covers the axon of some neurons and helps SPEED neural impulses

A

myelin sheath

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19
Q

neuron component: form junctions with other cells

A

terminal branches

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20
Q

neuron component: action potential; electrical signal traveling down the axon

A

neural impulse

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21
Q

white fatty substance; insulator; excellerates neural impulses

A

myelin sheath

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22
Q

disease in which the body attacks myelin sheath in the brain; makes it hard to control smooth motor movements (jerky); signals are less effective

A

MS (multiple sclerosis)

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23
Q

T/F: you don’t have much myelin sheath when you are born; neurons are myelinated as you age

A

true

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24
Q

when are you fully myelinated?

A

17-18

25
Q

which lobe of the brain is myelinated LAST?

A

frontal lob (judgement + decision making)

26
Q

dendrites are _________

A

filamentous

27
Q

how do neurons communicate with each other?

A

action potentials (neural impulses)

28
Q

at rest, the charge difference between inside/outside of a neuron 0s ________

A

-70 mV (1/200 the charge of an AA battery – weak but a gradient)

29
Q

dendrites are constantly receiving input; when threshold exceeds a certain value, neural impulse fires and travels down the axon =

A

action potential

30
Q

action potential steps

A

1) depolarization
2) sodium channels opens
– sodium (positive) rushes into cell making that section positive
3) pumps immediately start removing sodium to restore NEGATIVE charge
4) but the depolarization has moved down the axon…

31
Q

the function of action potentials all has to do with a ________ _______ membrane

A

selectively permeable

32
Q

action potentials are with ______ or _______

A

ALL or NONE (on/off)

33
Q

T/F: an action potential can be weak and slow

A

false (can either be on/off like a gun)

34
Q

how do neurons code intensity (2):

A
  • the RATE of on-off pulses (speed)
  • the # of neurons transmitting
35
Q

do neurons physically touch each other?

A

no!

36
Q

the space beetween neurons

A

synapse or synaptic gap

37
Q

action potentials are propagated by chemicals called __________ to communicate through synapses

A

neurotransmitters

38
Q

natural pain killers

A

endorphins

39
Q

NTs or neurotransmitters lock into ________

A

dendrites (of receiving neuron)

40
Q

what can/must happen when NTs are flooded into a synaptic gap (2) ?

A

1) NTs are cleared out
2) re-uptake (reabsorbing NTs)

41
Q

when NTs are re-absorbed and broken down; chemicals float back up after being received from the receiving neuron (recycled)

A

re-uptake

42
Q

what drug blocks the re-uptake of serotonin allowing it to linger in the synapse longer?

A

SSRIs (serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

43
Q

steps of Neuron Signal Transmission

A

1) an action potential shoots down the axon
2) NTs are released into the synapse, changing the membrane potential of the dendrite
3) if the depolarization is strong enough, it spreads down the dendrite and across the cell body
4) if the threshold is reached, the cell fires, shooting an action potential down the axon

44
Q

NT: muscle actions, learning, and memory

A

acetylcholine

45
Q

NT: movement, learning, attention, and emotion

A

dopamine

46
Q

NT: mood regulation + sleep

A

serotonin

47
Q

NT: memory; excitatory neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

48
Q

NT: inhibitory neurotransmitter (calms activity in brain); tells it to STOP sending messages

A

GABA

49
Q

NT: altertness + arousal; “adrenalin”; smoking releases this

A

norepinephrine

50
Q

__________ is an EXCITATORY neurotransmitter and _________ is an INHIBITORY neurotransmitter

A

glutamate; GABA

51
Q

Parkinson’s is due to one’s inability to use/produce which NT?

A

dopamine

52
Q

each NT binds to specific __________

A

receptors

53
Q

NTs binding to receptors is like a _____________________ mechanism; very specific; dendrite receptors only accept certain NTs

A

lock & key

54
Q

key =
lock =

A

NT
receptor

55
Q

chemicals that MIMIC natural NTs; foreign chemicals that’s shape is close enough to fit into the receptor and ACTIVATE it

A

agonists

56
Q

what are AGONISTS for endorphins?

A

morphine + heroine

57
Q

chemicals that BLOCK the function of a NT; takes up receptors (gum in lock); not similar enough to activate it

A

antagonist

58
Q

what is an ANTAGONIST for acetylcholine?

A

curare (paralyzes you***)

59
Q

what is an ANTAGONIST for heroine (or morphine)?

A

narcane (so you don’t overdose; blocks receptors from taking in drugs)

Psychology (23 decks)

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