Lec. 12 (hearing, other senes, and perceptual organization) Flashcards
the amplitude, or height, of the sound waves
loudness
depends on the FREQUENCY of the sound wave; determines how high or low a tone sounds
pitch
part of ear that is vital for ORIENTATION
semicircular canals
site of TRANSDUCTIONS in the ear =
cochlea
ear drum
tympanic membrane
smallest bones in the body (3):
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
conversion of mechanical energy (pressure waves) into neural signals
transduction
mech E –> electrical activity/neural impulses Steps (3):
1) sound waves collected by auditory structures (ear, tympanic membrane0
2) transduction via the cochlea (movement of hair in the basilar membrane)
3) neural signals sent to brain via auditory nerve
base of cochlea that has HAIR CELLS float in liquid and sway back n forth
basilar membrane
damage to the hair cells of the cochlea affects which ________ you can hear
frequencies (can’t hear high pitches when your old)
theories of how we code the pitch of sound (2):
- place theory
- frequency matching theory
coding pitch of sound theory: hair cells at a particular place on the basilar membrane respond most to a PARTICULAR frequency of sound
place theory
place theory best describes how we hear _______ frequency but can’t easily explain how we hear ____ freq.
high; LOW
coding pitch of sound theory: firing rate of an auditory nerve matches a sound wave’s frequency
frequency matching theory
freq. matching theory best describes how we hear _____ freq
low
the freq. matching theory is sometimes called what?
volley theory of frequency coding
clusters of neurons; axons arrive at olfactory nerve
olfactory bult
T/F: when smelling something, particles of it actually go inside of you
true
order of which smell enters your body (3):
olfactory area –> olfactory bulb –> olfactory nerve
the only sense that does not send its messages through the thalamus
olfaction (smell)
axons from neurons in the nose have a synapse in the _______ ______
olfactory bulb
connections from olfactory bulb are especially plentiful in the ________ (DIRECT connection)
amygdala
olfactory bulb is connected to which part of the brain?
midbrain (amygdala, hippocampus)
smell has an ________ role
evolutionary (detect food + if its edible)
smell elicits _______ much more quicker than any sense
memories
taste receptors, called _______, are concentrated on the tongue
papillae
taste receptors can only discriminate ____ sensations
5
5 “tastes”
- sweet
- sour
- salty
- bitter
- umani (fresh chicken)
how do we percieve different objects in the environment?
taking raw sensation and adding MEANING from our knowledge, and experience of the world.
an example of THIS is differentiating an object from its background
perceptual organization
perceptual organization methods (2):
- figure-ground
- grouping
in the figure-ground method, the part of the visual field that has MEANING
figure
in the figure-ground method, the visual field with LESS meaning
ground
______ determine the figure-ground border
edges
says “..the whole is greater than the sum…because we add meaning”
Gestalt Laws of Organization
Gestalt Laws of Organization (6):
- proximity
- similarity
- continuity
- closure
- common region
- connectedness
how do we perceive a 3D world from a 2D image (the projection on our retina)?
depth cues
types of depth cues (2):
- monocular (one eye)
- binocular (2 eyes)
Monocular depth cues (7):
- interposition (occlusion)
- relative size
- height in the visual field
- textual gradient
- linear perspective
- reduced clarity
- light and shadow
type of monocular depth cue: one thing is covering up another thing (ex: leg and sidewalk)
interposition (occlusion)
type of monocular depth cue: bigger = closer
relative size
type of monocular depth cue: lower = CLOSER; higher = FARTHER (ex: building)
height in the visual field
type of monocular depth cue: fuzzy = farther
textual gradient
type of monocular depth cue: observation that parellelness (ex: road) are bent inwards
linear perspective
type of monocular depth cue: sharp shadow = close
light and shadow
binocular depth cues (3):
- accommodation
- convergence
- binocular disparity
type of binocular depth cue: size of LENS changes; information about the muscle activity involved in this serves as one cue
accommodation
type of binocular depth cue: a depth cue resulting from rotation of the eyes so that the image can be projected on each retina
convergence
type of binocular depth cue: a depth cue based on the difference between the retinal images received by each eye; how 3D movies works!! (like rapid shutters)
binocular disparity
the constantly changing image on the retina; when in motion (ex: ball toward face)
optical flow
patterns of optical flow (2):
- looming
- stroboscopic motion
patter of optical flow: rapid expansion in the size of an image so that it fills the retina (getting bigger)
looming
patter of optical flow: tendency to perceive movement when a series of still images appear, one at a time, in rapid succession (like a flipbook)
stroboscopic motion
the perception of objects as CONSTANT in size, shape, brightness, etc. even when the retinal image changes
perceptual constancy
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even when changing illumination filters the light reflected by the object
color constancy
