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Psychology > Lec. 12 (hearing, other senes, and perceptual organization) > Flashcards

Lec. 12 (hearing, other senes, and perceptual organization) Flashcards

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1
Q

the amplitude, or height, of the sound waves

A

loudness

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2
Q

depends on the FREQUENCY of the sound wave; determines how high or low a tone sounds

A

pitch

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3
Q

part of ear that is vital for ORIENTATION

A

semicircular canals

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4
Q

site of TRANSDUCTIONS in the ear =

A

cochlea

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5
Q

ear drum

A

tympanic membrane

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6
Q

smallest bones in the body (3):

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
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7
Q

conversion of mechanical energy (pressure waves) into neural signals

A

transduction

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8
Q

mech E –> electrical activity/neural impulses Steps (3):

A

1) sound waves collected by auditory structures (ear, tympanic membrane0
2) transduction via the cochlea (movement of hair in the basilar membrane)
3) neural signals sent to brain via auditory nerve

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9
Q

base of cochlea that has HAIR CELLS float in liquid and sway back n forth

A

basilar membrane

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10
Q

damage to the hair cells of the cochlea affects which ________ you can hear

A

frequencies (can’t hear high pitches when your old)

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11
Q

theories of how we code the pitch of sound (2):

A
  • place theory
  • frequency matching theory
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12
Q

coding pitch of sound theory: hair cells at a particular place on the basilar membrane respond most to a PARTICULAR frequency of sound

A

place theory

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13
Q

place theory best describes how we hear _______ frequency but can’t easily explain how we hear ____ freq.

A

high; LOW

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14
Q

coding pitch of sound theory: firing rate of an auditory nerve matches a sound wave’s frequency

A

frequency matching theory

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15
Q

freq. matching theory best describes how we hear _____ freq

A

low

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16
Q

the freq. matching theory is sometimes called what?

A

volley theory of frequency coding

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17
Q

clusters of neurons; axons arrive at olfactory nerve

A

olfactory bult

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18
Q

T/F: when smelling something, particles of it actually go inside of you

A

true

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19
Q

order of which smell enters your body (3):

A

olfactory area –> olfactory bulb –> olfactory nerve

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20
Q

the only sense that does not send its messages through the thalamus

A

olfaction (smell)

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21
Q

axons from neurons in the nose have a synapse in the _______ ______

A

olfactory bulb

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22
Q

connections from olfactory bulb are especially plentiful in the ________ (DIRECT connection)

A

amygdala

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23
Q

olfactory bulb is connected to which part of the brain?

A

midbrain (amygdala, hippocampus)

24
Q

smell has an ________ role

A

evolutionary (detect food + if its edible)

25
Q

smell elicits _______ much more quicker than any sense

A

memories

26
Q

taste receptors, called _______, are concentrated on the tongue

A

papillae

27
Q

taste receptors can only discriminate ____ sensations

A

5

28
Q

5 “tastes”

A
  • sweet
  • sour
  • salty
  • bitter
  • umani (fresh chicken)
29
Q

how do we percieve different objects in the environment?

A

taking raw sensation and adding MEANING from our knowledge, and experience of the world.

30
Q

an example of THIS is differentiating an object from its background

A

perceptual organization

31
Q

perceptual organization methods (2):

A
  • figure-ground
  • grouping
32
Q

in the figure-ground method, the part of the visual field that has MEANING

A

figure

33
Q

in the figure-ground method, the visual field with LESS meaning

A

ground

34
Q

______ determine the figure-ground border

A

edges

35
Q

says “..the whole is greater than the sum…because we add meaning”

A

Gestalt Laws of Organization

36
Q

Gestalt Laws of Organization (6):

A
  • proximity
  • similarity
  • continuity
  • closure
  • common region
  • connectedness
37
Q

how do we perceive a 3D world from a 2D image (the projection on our retina)?

A

depth cues

38
Q

types of depth cues (2):

A
  • monocular (one eye)
  • binocular (2 eyes)
39
Q

Monocular depth cues (7):

A
  • interposition (occlusion)
  • relative size
  • height in the visual field
  • textual gradient
  • linear perspective
  • reduced clarity
  • light and shadow
40
Q

type of monocular depth cue: one thing is covering up another thing (ex: leg and sidewalk)

A

interposition (occlusion)

41
Q

type of monocular depth cue: bigger = closer

A

relative size

42
Q

type of monocular depth cue: lower = CLOSER; higher = FARTHER (ex: building)

A

height in the visual field

43
Q

type of monocular depth cue: fuzzy = farther

A

textual gradient

44
Q

type of monocular depth cue: observation that parellelness (ex: road) are bent inwards

A

linear perspective

45
Q

type of monocular depth cue: sharp shadow = close

A

light and shadow

46
Q

binocular depth cues (3):

A
  • accommodation
  • convergence
  • binocular disparity
47
Q

type of binocular depth cue: size of LENS changes; information about the muscle activity involved in this serves as one cue

A

accommodation

48
Q

type of binocular depth cue: a depth cue resulting from rotation of the eyes so that the image can be projected on each retina

A

convergence

49
Q

type of binocular depth cue: a depth cue based on the difference between the retinal images received by each eye; how 3D movies works!! (like rapid shutters)

A

binocular disparity

50
Q

the constantly changing image on the retina; when in motion (ex: ball toward face)

A

optical flow

51
Q

patterns of optical flow (2):

A
  • looming
  • stroboscopic motion
52
Q

patter of optical flow: rapid expansion in the size of an image so that it fills the retina (getting bigger)

A

looming

53
Q

patter of optical flow: tendency to perceive movement when a series of still images appear, one at a time, in rapid succession (like a flipbook)

A

stroboscopic motion

54
Q

the perception of objects as CONSTANT in size, shape, brightness, etc. even when the retinal image changes

A

perceptual constancy

55
Q

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even when changing illumination filters the light reflected by the object

A

color constancy

Psychology (23 decks)

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