Lec. 12 (hearing, other senes, and perceptual organization)

Question 1

the amplitude, or height, of the sound waves

Answer 1

loudness

Question 2

depends on the FREQUENCY of the sound wave; determines how high or low a tone sounds

Answer 2

pitch

Question 3

part of ear that is vital for ORIENTATION

Answer 3

semicircular canals

Question 4

site of TRANSDUCTIONS in the ear =

Answer 4

cochlea

Question 5

ear drum

Answer 5

tympanic membrane

Question 6

smallest bones in the body (3):

Answer 6

• malleus
• incus
• stapes

Question 7

conversion of mechanical energy (pressure waves) into neural signals

Answer 7

transduction

Question 8

mech E –> electrical activity/neural impulses Steps (3):

Answer 8

1) sound waves collected by auditory structures (ear, tympanic membrane0
2) transduction via the cochlea (movement of hair in the basilar membrane)
3) neural signals sent to brain via auditory nerve

Question 9

base of cochlea that has HAIR CELLS float in liquid and sway back n forth

Answer 9

basilar membrane

Question 10

damage to the hair cells of the cochlea affects which ________ you can hear

Answer 10

frequencies (can’t hear high pitches when your old)

Question 11

theories of how we code the pitch of sound (2):

Answer 11

• place theory
• frequency matching theory

Question 12

coding pitch of sound theory: hair cells at a particular place on the basilar membrane respond most to a PARTICULAR frequency of sound

Answer 12

place theory

Question 13

place theory best describes how we hear _______ frequency but can’t easily explain how we hear ____ freq.

Answer 13

high; LOW

Question 14

coding pitch of sound theory: firing rate of an auditory nerve matches a sound wave’s frequency

Answer 14

frequency matching theory

Question 15

freq. matching theory best describes how we hear _____ freq

Answer 15

low

Question 16

the freq. matching theory is sometimes called what?

Answer 16

volley theory of frequency coding

Question 17

clusters of neurons; axons arrive at olfactory nerve

Answer 17

olfactory bult

Question 18

T/F: when smelling something, particles of it actually go inside of you

Answer 18

true

Question 19

order of which smell enters your body (3):

Answer 19

olfactory area –> olfactory bulb –> olfactory nerve

Question 20

the only sense that does not send its messages through the thalamus

Answer 20

olfaction (smell)

Question 21

axons from neurons in the nose have a synapse in the _______ ______

Answer 21

olfactory bulb

Question 22

connections from olfactory bulb are especially plentiful in the ________ (DIRECT connection)

Answer 22

amygdala

Question 23

olfactory bulb is connected to which part of the brain?

Answer 23

midbrain (amygdala, hippocampus)

Question 24

smell has an ________ role

Answer 24

evolutionary (detect food + if its edible)

Question 25

smell elicits _______ much more quicker than any sense

Answer 25

memories

Question 26

taste receptors, called _______, are concentrated on the tongue

Answer 26

papillae

Question 27

taste receptors can only discriminate ____ sensations

Answer 27

5

Question 28

5 "tastes"

Answer 28

- sweet - sour - salty - bitter - umani (fresh chicken)

Question 29

how do we percieve different objects in the environment?

Answer 29

taking raw sensation and adding MEANING from our knowledge, and experience of the world.

Question 30

an example of THIS is differentiating an object from its background

Answer 30

perceptual organization

Question 31

perceptual organization methods (2):

Answer 31

- figure-ground - grouping

Question 32

in the figure-ground method, the part of the visual field that has MEANING

Answer 32

figure

Question 33

in the figure-ground method, the visual field with LESS meaning

Answer 33

ground

Question 34

______ determine the figure-ground border

Answer 34

edges

Question 35

says "..the whole is greater than the sum...because we add meaning"

Answer 35

Gestalt Laws of Organization

Question 36

Gestalt Laws of Organization (6):

Answer 36

- proximity - similarity - continuity - closure - common region - connectedness

Question 37

how do we perceive a 3D world from a 2D image (the projection on our retina)?

Answer 37

depth cues

Question 38

types of depth cues (2):

Answer 38

- monocular (one eye) - binocular (2 eyes)

Question 39

Monocular depth cues (7):

Answer 39

- interposition (occlusion) - relative size - height in the visual field - textual gradient - linear perspective - reduced clarity - light and shadow

Question 40

type of monocular depth cue: one thing is covering up another thing (ex: leg and sidewalk)

Answer 40

interposition (occlusion)

Question 41

type of monocular depth cue: bigger = closer

Answer 41

relative size

Question 42

type of monocular depth cue: lower = CLOSER; higher = FARTHER (ex: building)

Answer 42

height in the visual field

Question 43

type of monocular depth cue: fuzzy = farther

Answer 43

textual gradient

Question 44

type of monocular depth cue: observation that parellelness (ex: road) are bent inwards

Answer 44

linear perspective

Question 45

type of monocular depth cue: sharp shadow = close

Answer 45

light and shadow

Question 46

binocular depth cues (3):

Answer 46

- accommodation - convergence - binocular disparity

Question 47

type of binocular depth cue: size of LENS changes; information about the muscle activity involved in this serves as one cue

Answer 47

accommodation

Question 48

type of binocular depth cue: a depth cue resulting from rotation of the eyes so that the image can be projected on each retina

Answer 48

convergence

Question 49

type of binocular depth cue: a depth cue based on the difference between the retinal images received by each eye; how 3D movies works!! (like rapid shutters)

Answer 49

binocular disparity

Question 50

the constantly changing image on the retina; when in motion (ex: ball toward face)

Answer 50

optical flow

Question 51

patterns of optical flow (2):

Answer 51

- looming - stroboscopic motion

Question 52

patter of optical flow: rapid expansion in the size of an image so that it fills the retina (getting bigger)

Answer 52

looming

Question 53

patter of optical flow: tendency to perceive movement when a series of still images appear, one at a time, in rapid succession (like a flipbook)

Answer 53

stroboscopic motion

Question 54

the perception of objects as CONSTANT in size, shape, brightness, etc. even when the retinal image changes

Answer 54

perceptual constancy

Question 55

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even when changing illumination filters the light reflected by the object

Answer 55

color constancy