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Psychology > Lec. 23 (social psych) > Flashcards

Lec. 23 (social psych) Flashcards

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1
Q

the process we go through to explain the causes of behavior

A

attribution

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2
Q

attributions are important because they help us to do what 3 things?

A
  • UNDERSTAND someone’s behavior
  • PREDICT someone’s future behavior
  • CONTROL the situation if it should occur again
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3
Q

2 types of attributions:

A
  1. situational
  2. dispositional
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4
Q

type of attribution: leads to TOLERANT reactions; due to a situation

A

situational

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5
Q

type of attribution: leads to UNFAVORABLE reactions; we make more of these (why it’s called “fundamental attribution error”); due to a person’s dispositive

A

dispositional

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6
Q

the tendency to OVER-attribute the behavior of others to INTERNAL factors/dispositional sources (ex: the student got a D on the test is not very smart (this is an internal attribution; other potential external reasons include little sleep and illness)

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

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7
Q

BIGGEST bias in explaining behaviors (attribution) =

A

fundamental attribution error (use dispositional sources)

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8
Q

bias in attribution; when we try to explain uncomfortable events (murders, rapes, etc) we tend to look for INTERNAL causes increases; “she was raped bc she dress too sexy”

A

blaming the victum

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9
Q

blaming the victim allows us to maintain our belief in a “______ _______” – “bad things happen to bad ppl and good things happen to good ppl”

A

just world

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10
Q

the tendency to think, feel, or act positively or negatively toward objects in our environment

A

attitudes

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11
Q

3 components of attitudes:

A

1) cognitive component
2) emotional component
3) behavioral component

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12
Q

component of attitude: what you THINK about a particular topic

A

cognitive

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13
Q

component of attitude: how you FEEL about that topic; also called “Affective component”

A

emotional

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14
Q

emotional component of attitudes is also called the ______ component

A

affective

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15
Q

component of attitude: what are your ACTIONS in relation to that topic

A

behavioral

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16
Q

T/F: how you attribute behavior leads to very different consequences

A

true

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17
Q

component of attitude that is easy to detect; MOST measured

A

cognitive component

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18
Q

assessment method of COGNITIVE component of attitude =

A

paper-and-pencil tests (questionnaires)

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19
Q

assessment method of AFFECTIVE/EMOTIONAL component of attitude =

A

physiological indices (heart rate, GSR)

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20
Q

assessment method of BEHAVORIAL component of attitude =

A

directly observed behaviors

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21
Q

splitting up components of attitude allows us to _______ them

A

measure

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22
Q

T/F: actions can lead to attitudes

A

true

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23
Q

non only do people stand for what they believe in (attitude), they start believing in what they stand for — actually very ______

A

common

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24
Q

________ actions can lead to _____ likings (beliefs)

A

cooperative; mutual

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25
Q

Cognitive Dissonance theory that says we want our thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes to be _______

A

CONSISTENT

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26
Q

if attitudes do not match behavior, this leads to ______ _______

A

cognitive dissonance

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27
Q

cognitive dissonance leads to an uncomfortable “_______”

A

feeling

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28
Q

a state of cognitive dissonance can lead to one of two outcomes/2 solutions:

A
  1. change behavior
  2. change attitude
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29
Q

T/F: you can perform both solutions to solve any cognitive dissonance

A

false (can only do one)

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30
Q

in the cognitive dissonance study of participants turning wooden pegs, who was more convincing that the task was fun – ppl paid $20 or $1?

A

$1

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31
Q

Persuasion Cues (4):

A
  • expertise and credibility of the communicator
  • attractiveness of communicator
  • emotionally arousing messages
  • repeating the message
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32
Q

persuasion cue: ppl considered more expert or more credible are better at changing attitudes

A

expertise and credibility of the communicator

33
Q

persuasion cue: more physically attractive ppl are better at changing your attitudes

A

attractiveness of communicator

34
Q

persuasion cue: arousing fear and anxiety is a great way to persuade people; especially persuasive if you give them a way to get out of the fear or anxiety (“vote for me”)

A

emotionally arousing messages

35
Q

persuasion cue: simply being repeatedly exposed to a message may change your view

A

repeating the message

36
Q

how DEEPLY we think about the messsage

A

elaboration

37
Q

range of how deeply we think about the message/elaboration (2):

A
  • low elaboration
  • high elaboration
38
Q

type of elaboration: NO information is presented; we use the persuasion cues from previous slide to decide; this is the PERIPHERAL ROUTE to persusasion

A

low elaboration

39
Q

type of elaboration: we think DEEPLY about the content of the message; lots of info is provided and we pay attention to it; is this the CENTRAL ROUTE to persuasion

A

high elaboration

40
Q

low elaboration = ______ route to persuasion

A

PERIPHERAL

41
Q

high elaboration = ______ route to persuasion

A

CENTRAL

42
Q

the process by which the words or actions of other people DIRECTLY or INDIRECTLY affect other people’s behavior

A

social influence

43
Q

social influence affects your… (5 things):

A
  • attitudes
  • beliefs
  • decisions
  • emotions
  • behavior (what u wear, eat, etc)
44
Q

the greatest contribution of social psychology is its study of attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and actions and the way they are molded by _______ _______

A

social influence

45
Q

learned, socially based rules that prescribe what ppl should and should not do in various situations

A

social norms

46
Q

why do we have social norms?

A

tells us how to behave in public situations

47
Q

social norms differs by _______ (ex: personal distance between ppl while talking)

A

culture

48
Q

social norms is usually for the _____ _____; implicitly shared agreement between people

A

public good

49
Q

T/F: social norms are always good

A

false (can cause mobs, riots)

50
Q

behavior is ______, modeled by one followed by another.

A

contagious

51
Q

we follow behavior of others to ________. other behaviors may be an expression of _________ (obedience) towards authority.

A

conform; compliance

52
Q

why we copy behavior ranges from ______ to ______

A

conformity to obedience

53
Q

Real World Social Influence: in the 8 days following the Columbine shootings, EVERY state except Vermont reported increased ______ _____ (copycat crimes)

A

school violence

54
Q

T/F: after a famous suicide (Marilyn Monroe), the number of suicides in the US significantly increased

A

true

55
Q

subtle type of conformity; adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard

A

suggestibility

56
Q

an influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality

A

group pressure and conformity

57
Q

WHEN do people conform (3)?

A

1) when situations are ambiguous or UNCERTAIN
2) when the majority is UNANIMOUS (of two or more people fully in agreement)
as the group
3) as the groups gets LARGER, but only to a point

58
Q

despite initial research findings, there are NO _____ ______ in conformity

A

gender differences

59
Q

Methods of Making Ppl Comply (3):

A
  • foot-in-the door technique
  • door-in-the-face procedure
  • low-ball approach
60
Q

method of making ppl comply: a person initially agrees to a SMALL request and then is presented with gradually larger requests; cognitive dissonance

A

foot-in-the-door technique

61
Q

method of making ppl comply: an initial request is made that is likely to be denied, then the real request is made; the appearance of compromise

A

door-in-the-face procedure

62
Q

method of making ppl comply: after a person agrees to a request, the cost of fulfilling the request is increased; common in car sales*

A

low-ball approach

63
Q

which approach?
salesperson giving you something for free first

A

foot-in-the-door technique

64
Q

which approach?
“pls give $100. I know that is a lot of money, OK, how about $10?”; haggling

A

door-in-the-face procedure

65
Q

which approach?
“you can have the car for $15k. with taxes and add-ons, its $20k.” ; very common in car sales

A

low-ball approach

66
Q

study in which participants were told to give shocks to other “participants” when they would get a question wrong; many went all the way up in shock levels

A

Milgram’s Obedience Studies

67
Q

in Milgram’s Obedience Study, _____% of people gave shocks up to deathly levels

A

65%

68
Q

how GROUPS affect our behavior

A

grou influence

69
Q

social psychologists study various groups including… (4):

A
  • one person affecting another
  • families
  • teams
  • committees
70
Q

refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others; Triplett (1898) noticed cyclists’ race times were faster when they competed against others than when they are just against the clock

A

social facilitation

71
Q

the tendency of an individual in a group to exert LESS effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually

A

social loafing

72
Q

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (ex: mob behavior)

A

deindividuation

73
Q

enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion; if a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes

A

group polarization

74
Q

regarding group polarization, staying in your bubble makes you more _______

A

extreme

75
Q

simply called “prejudgment;” an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members; often directed toward different cultural, ethnic, or gender groups

A

prejudice

76
Q

components of prejudice (3):

A

1) beliefs (ex: stereotypes)
2) emotions (ex: hostility, fear)
3) predisposition to act (ex: to discriminate)

77
Q

prejudice works at the ______ but MOSTLY at the _______ level.

A

conscious; unconscious

78
Q

T/F: prejudice is more like a knee-jerk response than a conscious decision.

A

true

Psychology (23 decks)

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