Lec. 23 (social psych) Flashcards by Zoe Channel

the process we go through to explain the causes of behavior

attribution

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attributions are important because they help us to do what 3 things?

UNDERSTAND someone’s behavior
PREDICT someone’s future behavior
CONTROL the situation if it should occur again

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2 types of attributions:

situational
dispositional

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type of attribution: leads to TOLERANT reactions; due to a situation

situational

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type of attribution: leads to UNFAVORABLE reactions; we make more of these (why it’s called “fundamental attribution error”); due to a person’s dispositive

dispositional

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the tendency to OVER-attribute the behavior of others to INTERNAL factors/dispositional sources (ex: the student got a D on the test is not very smart (this is an internal attribution; other potential external reasons include little sleep and illness)

Fundamental Attribution Error

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BIGGEST bias in explaining behaviors (attribution) =

fundamental attribution error (use dispositional sources)

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bias in attribution; when we try to explain uncomfortable events (murders, rapes, etc) we tend to look for INTERNAL causes increases; “she was raped bc she dress too sexy”

blaming the victum

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blaming the victim allows us to maintain our belief in a “______ _______” – “bad things happen to bad ppl and good things happen to good ppl”

just world

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the tendency to think, feel, or act positively or negatively toward objects in our environment

attitudes

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3 components of attitudes:

1) cognitive component
2) emotional component
3) behavioral component

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component of attitude: what you THINK about a particular topic

cognitive

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component of attitude: how you FEEL about that topic; also called “Affective component”

emotional

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emotional component of attitudes is also called the ______ component

affective

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component of attitude: what are your ACTIONS in relation to that topic

behavioral

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T/F: how you attribute behavior leads to very different consequences

true

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component of attitude that is easy to detect; MOST measured

cognitive component

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assessment method of COGNITIVE component of attitude =

paper-and-pencil tests (questionnaires)

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assessment method of AFFECTIVE/EMOTIONAL component of attitude =

physiological indices (heart rate, GSR)

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assessment method of BEHAVORIAL component of attitude =

directly observed behaviors

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splitting up components of attitude allows us to _______ them

measure

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T/F: actions can lead to attitudes

true

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non only do people stand for what they believe in (attitude), they start believing in what they stand for — actually very ______

common

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________ actions can lead to _____ likings (beliefs)

cooperative; mutual

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Cognitive Dissonance theory that says we want our thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes to be _______

CONSISTENT

if attitudes do not match behavior, this leads to ______ _______

cognitive dissonance

cognitive dissonance leads to an uncomfortable "_______"

feeling

a state of cognitive dissonance can lead to one of two outcomes/2 solutions:

1. change behavior 2. change attitude

T/F: you can perform both solutions to solve any cognitive dissonance

false (can only do one)

in the cognitive dissonance study of participants turning wooden pegs, who was more convincing that the task was fun -- ppl paid $20 or $1?

Persuasion Cues (4):

- expertise and credibility of the communicator - attractiveness of communicator - emotionally arousing messages - repeating the message

persuasion cue: ppl considered more expert or more credible are better at changing attitudes

expertise and credibility of the communicator

persuasion cue: more physically attractive ppl are better at changing your attitudes

attractiveness of communicator

persuasion cue: arousing fear and anxiety is a great way to persuade people; especially persuasive if you give them a way to get out of the fear or anxiety ("vote for me")

emotionally arousing messages

persuasion cue: simply being repeatedly exposed to a message may change your view

repeating the message

how DEEPLY we think about the messsage

elaboration

range of how deeply we think about the message/elaboration (2):

- low elaboration - high elaboration

type of elaboration: NO information is presented; we use the persuasion cues from previous slide to decide; this is the PERIPHERAL ROUTE to persusasion

low elaboration

type of elaboration: we think DEEPLY about the content of the message; lots of info is provided and we pay attention to it; is this the CENTRAL ROUTE to persuasion

high elaboration

low elaboration = ______ route to persuasion

PERIPHERAL

high elaboration = ______ route to persuasion

CENTRAL

the process by which the words or actions of other people DIRECTLY or INDIRECTLY affect other people's behavior

social influence

social influence affects your... (5 things):

- attitudes - beliefs - decisions - emotions - behavior (what u wear, eat, etc)

the greatest contribution of social psychology is its study of attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and actions and the way they are molded by _______ _______

social influence

learned, socially based rules that prescribe what ppl should and should not do in various situations

social norms

why do we have social norms?

tells us how to behave in public situations

social norms differs by _______ (ex: personal distance between ppl while talking)

culture

social norms is usually for the _____ _____; implicitly shared agreement between people

public good

T/F: social norms are always good

false (can cause mobs, riots)

behavior is ______, modeled by one followed by another.

contagious

we follow behavior of others to ________. other behaviors may be an expression of _________ (obedience) towards authority.

conform; compliance

why we copy behavior ranges from ______ to ______

conformity to obedience

Real World Social Influence: in the 8 days following the Columbine shootings, EVERY state except Vermont reported increased ______ _____ (copycat crimes)

school violence

T/F: after a famous suicide (Marilyn Monroe), the number of suicides in the US significantly increased

true

subtle type of conformity; adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard

suggestibility

an influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality

group pressure and conformity

WHEN do people conform (3)?

1) when situations are ambiguous or UNCERTAIN 2) when the majority is UNANIMOUS (of two or more people fully in agreement) as the group 3) as the groups gets LARGER, but only to a point

despite initial research findings, there are NO _____ ______ in conformity

gender differences

Methods of Making Ppl Comply (3):

- foot-in-the door technique - door-in-the-face procedure - low-ball approach

method of making ppl comply: a person initially agrees to a SMALL request and then is presented with gradually larger requests; cognitive dissonance

foot-in-the-door technique

method of making ppl comply: an initial request is made that is likely to be denied, then the real request is made; the appearance of compromise

door-in-the-face procedure

method of making ppl comply: after a person agrees to a request, the cost of fulfilling the request is increased; common in car sales*

low-ball approach

which approach? salesperson giving you something for free first

foot-in-the-door technique

which approach? "pls give $100. I know that is a lot of money, OK, how about $10?"; haggling

door-in-the-face procedure

which approach? "you can have the car for $15k. with taxes and add-ons, its $20k." ; very common in car sales

low-ball approach

study in which participants were told to give shocks to other "participants" when they would get a question wrong; many went all the way up in shock levels

Milgram's Obedience Studies

in Milgram's Obedience Study, _____% of people gave shocks up to deathly levels

65%

how GROUPS affect our behavior

grou influence

social psychologists study various groups including... (4):

- one person affecting another - families - teams - committees

refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others; Triplett (1898) noticed cyclists' race times were faster when they competed against others than when they are just against the clock

social facilitation

the tendency of an individual in a group to exert LESS effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually

social loafing

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (ex: mob behavior)

deindividuation

enhances a group's prevailing attitudes through a discussion; if a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes

group polarization

regarding group polarization, staying in your bubble makes you more _______

extreme

simply called "prejudgment;" an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members; often directed toward different cultural, ethnic, or gender groups

prejudice

components of prejudice (3):

1) beliefs (ex: stereotypes) 2) emotions (ex: hostility, fear) 3) predisposition to act (ex: to discriminate)

prejudice works at the ______ but MOSTLY at the _______ level.

conscious; unconscious

T/F: prejudice is more like a knee-jerk response than a conscious decision.

true