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Psychology > Lec. 17 (thinking + language) > Flashcards

Lec. 17 (thinking + language) Flashcards

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1
Q

the MIND portion of the process of thinking (stimulus –> the mind –> response) is covered by what kind of psych?

A

cognitive psych

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2
Q

the study of mental processes

A

cognitive psychology

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3
Q

what mental process does cognitive psych cover (5)?

A
  • attention + memory
  • CONCEPTS
  • problem solving
  • decision making
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4
Q

the mind is an _______ ______ (“computer”)

A

information processor

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5
Q

external information is “recoded” into symbols called what?

A

mental representations

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6
Q

our mind __________ these mental representations – this is “thinking”

A

manipulates

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7
Q

we organize CONCEPTS into _______ ________

A

category hierarchies

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8
Q

hierarchies = outlines = folders of info = ____

A

schemas

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9
Q

T/F: manipulating concepts is EASIER than minpulating raw data

A

true

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10
Q

concepts = ________

A

schemas

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11
Q

fundamental to our ability to THINK and make sense of the world

A

concepts

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12
Q

concepts influence _______

A

memory

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13
Q

T/F: if something is INCONSISTENT with a prototype, we are less likely to remember is + are slower to think about

A

true!

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14
Q

best example of what a category represents (ex: lab for dogs); comes to mind the most quickly

A

prototype

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15
Q

concepts are organized by __________, which is aka ____________

A

meaning; semantically

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16
Q

concepts allow your mind to work _______

A

quickly

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17
Q

problem solving strategies (4):

A
  1. trial and error
  2. algorithms
  3. heuristics (intuition)
  4. insight
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18
Q

problem solving strategy: “recipe’ for how to solve a problem

A

algorithms

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19
Q

problem solving strategy: use of RULES of THUMB; what humans use to solve MOST problems; fastest way to problem solve but can lead to error

A

heuristics (intuition)

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20
Q

problem solving strategy: “aha” moments

A

insight

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21
Q

trial and error + algorithms are ________ reasoning and heuristics + insight are _______

A

formal; informal

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22
Q

formal reasoning is more _____ intensive than informal

A

labor

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23
Q

exhaust all possibilities before arriving at a solution; computers use these

A

algorithms

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24
Q

the process of evaluating a conclusion, theory, or course of action on the basis of the BELIEVABILITY of the evidence – not necessarily based on the truth of the evidencd

A

informal reasoning

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25
Q

time-saving mental short-cuts used in reasoning; use them more bc they’re easy

A

heuristics

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26
Q

conclusions about whether something belongs in a certain class are based on how SIMILAR it is to other items in that class (ex: there are many many more sale-persons than male librarians)

A

representativeness heuristic

27
Q

with representativeness heuristics, you ignore info about ________ ________

A

base rates

28
Q

faulty reasoning inferring that a conjunction is more probable, or likely, than just one of its conjuncts

A

conjunction fallacy

29
Q

a false belief that random processes will correct themselves; a mistaken belief about sequences of random events. Observing, for example, a long run of “black” on the roulette wheel leads to an expectation that “red” is now more likely to occur on the next trial

A

gamblers fallacy

30
Q

example of gamblers fallacy =

A

flip coins 5 times and get HHHHH –> ppl think that heads is more likely than tails

31
Q

overlap of two options/events

A

conjunction

32
Q

the likelihood or an event in the correctness of a hypothesis is judged by HOW EASY IT IS to think of that event or hypothesis; misperceive LOW-likelihood events as high likelihood bc you see or hear about them a lot; it comes to mind easily; its “available” in your mind

A

availability heuristic

33
Q

example of availability heuristic =

A

shark attacks

34
Q

the primary means through which we communicate our thoughts to others

A

language

35
Q

the smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of speech

A

phoneme

36
Q

the smallest unit of language that has meaning

A

morphemes

37
Q

units of language composed of one or more morphemes

A

words

38
Q

th, a, b, o, i, h, i, t

A

phonemes

39
Q

hit, boy, the, ball

A

words or morphemes

40
Q

stages of learning language (3):

A

1) babbling stage
2) one-word stage
3) two-word stage

41
Q

stage of learning language: beginning at 4 months, the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo

A

babbling stage

42
Q

T/F: babbling is an imitation of adult speech

A

FALSE (its not!!)

43
Q

stage of learning language: beginning at or around his/her first birthday, a child starts to speak one word at a time; the word doggy may mean look at the dog out there

A

one-word stage

44
Q

stage of learning language: before the 2nd year, two word-sentences

A

two-word stage

45
Q

the form of speech now spoken at the two-word stage is called ________ _________

A

telegraphic speech

46
Q

behaviorists/operant learning explain language development to be due to ________, _________, and _________

A

association, imitation, and reinforcement

47
Q

errors in behaviorist explanation of lang. development (2):

A
  • children generate phrases + sentences they have never heard before (no imitation or association)
  • overgeneralization errors (adding s to end of words) doesn’t fit
48
Q

suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, and thus most of it is INBORN

A

Inborn Universal Grammar

49
Q

who came up with Inborn Universal Grammar

A

Chomsky

50
Q

evidence to support Inborn Universal Grammar (2) =

A

genetic dysphasia + critical periods in lang. dev.

51
Q

the time during which a given behavior is especially susceptible to, and indeed requires, specific environmental influences to develop normally

A

critical period

52
Q

regarding critical periods, children never exposed to any language (spoken or signed) by about age _____ gradually lose their ability to master any language

A

7

53
Q

T/F: learning new language gets easier with age

A

false (gets harder)

54
Q

impairments in language speaking or understanding

A

aphasias

55
Q

types of aphasias (2):

A
  • broca’s aphasia
  • wernicke’s aphasia
56
Q

type of aphasia: can’t express language but can understand

A

broca’s aphasia

57
Q

type of aphasia: can speak but not coherently, understanding impaired too

A

wernicke’s aphasia

58
Q

brain pathway of language

A
  1. visual cortex
  2. angular gyrus
  3. wernicke’s area
  4. broca’s area
  5. motor cortex
59
Q

brain pathway of language: receives written words as visual stimulation

A

visual cortex

60
Q

brain pathway of language: transforms visual representations into an auditory code

A

angular gyrus

61
Q

brain pathway of language: interprets auditory code

A

wernicke’s area

62
Q

brain pathway of language: controls speech muscles via the motor cortex

A

broca’s area

63
Q

brain pathway of language: word is pronounced

A

motor cortex

Psychology (23 decks)

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