Lec. 17 (thinking + language)

Question 1

the MIND portion of the process of thinking (stimulus –> the mind –> response) is covered by what kind of psych?

Answer 1

cognitive psych

Question 2

the study of mental processes

Answer 2

cognitive psychology

Question 3

what mental process does cognitive psych cover (5)?

Answer 3

• attention + memory
• CONCEPTS
• problem solving
• decision making

Question 4

the mind is an _______ ______ (“computer”)

Answer 4

information processor

Question 5

external information is “recoded” into symbols called what?

Answer 5

mental representations

Question 6

our mind __________ these mental representations – this is “thinking”

Answer 6

manipulates

Question 7

we organize CONCEPTS into _______ ________

Answer 7

category hierarchies

Question 8

hierarchies = outlines = folders of info = ____

Answer 8

schemas

Question 9

T/F: manipulating concepts is EASIER than minpulating raw data

Answer 9

true

Question 10

concepts = ________

Answer 10

schemas

Question 11

fundamental to our ability to THINK and make sense of the world

Answer 11

concepts

Question 12

concepts influence _______

Answer 12

memory

Question 13

T/F: if something is INCONSISTENT with a prototype, we are less likely to remember is + are slower to think about

Answer 13

true!

Question 14

best example of what a category represents (ex: lab for dogs); comes to mind the most quickly

Answer 14

prototype

Question 15

concepts are organized by __________, which is aka ____________

Answer 15

meaning; semantically

Question 16

concepts allow your mind to work _______

Answer 16

quickly

Question 17

problem solving strategies (4):

Answer 17

1. trial and error
2. algorithms
3. heuristics (intuition)
4. insight

Question 18

problem solving strategy: “recipe’ for how to solve a problem

Answer 18

algorithms

Question 19

problem solving strategy: use of RULES of THUMB; what humans use to solve MOST problems; fastest way to problem solve but can lead to error

Answer 19

heuristics (intuition)

Question 20

problem solving strategy: “aha” moments

Answer 20

insight

Question 21

trial and error + algorithms are ________ reasoning and heuristics + insight are _______

Answer 21

formal; informal

Question 22

formal reasoning is more _____ intensive than informal

Answer 22

labor

Question 23

exhaust all possibilities before arriving at a solution; computers use these

Answer 23

algorithms

Question 24

the process of evaluating a conclusion, theory, or course of action on the basis of the BELIEVABILITY of the evidence – not necessarily based on the truth of the evidencd

Answer 24

informal reasoning

Question 25

time-saving mental short-cuts used in reasoning; use them more bc they're easy

Answer 25

heuristics

Question 26

conclusions about whether something belongs in a certain class are based on how SIMILAR it is to other items in that class (ex: there are many many more sale-persons than male librarians)

Answer 26

representativeness heuristic

Question 27

with representativeness heuristics, you ignore info about ________ ________

Answer 27

base rates

Question 28

faulty reasoning inferring that a conjunction is more probable, or likely, than just one of its conjuncts

Answer 28

conjunction fallacy

Question 29

a false belief that random processes will correct themselves; a mistaken belief about sequences of random events. Observing, for example, a long run of “black” on the roulette wheel leads to an expectation that “red” is now more likely to occur on the next trial

Answer 29

gamblers fallacy

Question 30

example of gamblers fallacy =

Answer 30

flip coins 5 times and get HHHHH --> ppl think that heads is more likely than tails

Question 31

overlap of two options/events

Answer 31

conjunction

Question 32

the likelihood or an event in the correctness of a hypothesis is judged by HOW EASY IT IS to think of that event or hypothesis; misperceive LOW-likelihood events as high likelihood bc you see or hear about them a lot; it comes to mind easily; its "available" in your mind

Answer 32

availability heuristic

Question 33

example of availability heuristic =

Answer 33

shark attacks

Question 34

the primary means through which we communicate our thoughts to others

Answer 34

language

Question 35

the smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of speech

Answer 35

phoneme

Question 36

the smallest unit of language that has meaning

Answer 36

morphemes

Question 37

units of language composed of one or more morphemes

Answer 37

words

Question 38

th, a, b, o, i, h, i, t

Answer 38

phonemes

Question 39

hit, boy, the, ball

Answer 39

words or morphemes

Question 40

stages of learning language (3):

Answer 40

1) babbling stage 2) one-word stage 3) two-word stage

Question 41

stage of learning language: beginning at 4 months, the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo

Answer 41

babbling stage

Question 42

T/F: babbling is an imitation of adult speech

Answer 42

FALSE (its not!!)

Question 43

stage of learning language: beginning at or around his/her first birthday, a child starts to speak one word at a time; the word doggy may mean look at the dog out there

Answer 43

one-word stage

Question 44

stage of learning language: before the 2nd year, two word-sentences

Answer 44

two-word stage

Question 45

the form of speech now spoken at the two-word stage is called ________ _________

Answer 45

telegraphic speech

Question 46

behaviorists/operant learning explain language development to be due to ________, _________, and _________

Answer 46

association, imitation, and reinforcement

Question 47

errors in behaviorist explanation of lang. development (2):

Answer 47

- children generate phrases + sentences they have never heard before (no imitation or association) - overgeneralization errors (adding s to end of words) doesn't fit

Question 48

suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, and thus most of it is INBORN

Answer 48

Inborn Universal Grammar

Question 49

who came up with Inborn Universal Grammar

Answer 49

Chomsky

Question 50

evidence to support Inborn Universal Grammar (2) =

Answer 50

genetic dysphasia + critical periods in lang. dev.

Question 51

the time during which a given behavior is especially susceptible to, and indeed requires, specific environmental influences to develop normally

Answer 51

critical period

Question 52

regarding critical periods, children never exposed to any language (spoken or signed) by about age _____ gradually lose their ability to master any language

Answer 52

7

Question 53

T/F: learning new language gets easier with age

Answer 53

false (gets harder)

Question 54

impairments in language speaking or understanding

Answer 54

aphasias

Question 55

types of aphasias (2):

Answer 55

- broca's aphasia - wernicke's aphasia

Question 56

type of aphasia: can't express language but can understand

Answer 56

broca's aphasia

Question 57

type of aphasia: can speak but not coherently, understanding impaired too

Answer 57

wernicke's aphasia

Question 58

brain pathway of language

Answer 58

1. visual cortex 2. angular gyrus 3. wernicke's area 4. broca's area 5. motor cortex

Question 59

brain pathway of language: receives written words as visual stimulation

Answer 59

visual cortex

Question 60

brain pathway of language: transforms visual representations into an auditory code

Answer 60

angular gyrus

Question 61

brain pathway of language: interprets auditory code

Answer 61

wernicke's area

Question 62

brain pathway of language: controls speech muscles via the motor cortex

Answer 62

broca's area

Question 63

brain pathway of language: word is pronounced

Answer 63

motor cortex