Lec. 8 (behavior genetics) Flashcards
1
Q
our codes for life
A
genes
2
Q
the basic structural unit of a living thing
A
cell
3
Q
the inner area of a cell that houses chromosomes and genes
A
nucleus
4
Q
threadlike structure made largely of DNA molecules
A
chromosome
5
Q
a spiraling, complex molecule containing genes
A
DNA
6
Q
segment of DNA containing the code for a particular protein; determines our individual biological development
A
gene
7
Q
“most” cells in your body have a ________
A
nucleus
8
Q
T/F: genes DIRECTLY affect behavior
A
false
9
Q
genes code for _________
A
proteins
10
Q
genes are a short “________” of DNA for a protein
A
recipe
11
Q
a complex assortment of genes can ________ behavior
A
enhance
12
Q
long-term mood
A
temperament
13
Q
temperament can easily be detected in _______
A
babies
14
Q
twins that share the exact same genetic structure
A
identical twins
15
Q
twins that have different genetic material; essentially siblings with the same birthday
A
fraternal twins
16
Q
fraternal twins share ___% of their DNA
A
50%
17
Q
if you look at identical twins in different environments, you can study ______ vs. _______
A
nature vs. nurture (aka behavior affected by environment)
18
Q
T/F: for fraternal twins, mother’s release 2 eggs
A
true
19
Q
T/F: a number of studies compared identical twins reared separately from birth, or close thereafter, and found numerous similarities
A
true
20
Q
separated twin similarities examples (4):
A
- personality, intelligence
- abilities, attitudes
- interests, fears
- brain waves, heart rate
21
Q
similarities between separated twins implies ________ is a strong influence
A
nature
22
Q
adoption studies show that adoptee (who may be biologically unrelated) tend to be ________ from their adoptive parents and siblings DESPITE sharing 100% of their environment.
A
different
23
Q
nature =
A
genetics
24
Q
nurture =
A
environment
25
"emotional excitability"
temperament
26
distinct temperaments are evident very early and ________ into adulthood
persist
27
temperament eventually turns into _______
personality
28
temperament is _______ (not learned)
GENETIC
29
is personality, similarities, and differences between children and parents NATURE or NURTURE?
both equally
30
genes and environment INTERACT to determine personality; genes influence behavior which affects environment which affects genes....
Gene-Environment Interaction
31
environments can cause ______ changes and events
genetics
32
environments that cause genetic changes explains the subtle differences in ______ twins
identical
33
gene-environment interaction ex: genes cause different physical appearances which causes ppl to ______ them differently (mr. bean vs. orlando bloom)
treat
34
study of how environment affects gene expression
epigenetics
35
gene expression refers to whether genes are turned _____/_____
on/off
36
environmental factors that affect gene expression can be ________, _________, and _______
prenatal, postnatal, juvenile
37
prenatal environmental factors that affect gene expression (4):
- drugs
- toxins
- nutrition
- stress
38
postnatal environmental factors that affect gene expression (3):
- neglect
- abuse
- variations in care
39
juvenile environmental factors that affect gene expression (2):
- social contact
- environmental complexity
40
in an experiment on Experience and Brain Development, an impoverished environment led to impoverished rat brain cells and an enriched environment led to an enriched rat brain cell, with dense, complex branching. this rat was more likely ___________ with this type of environmental effect.
smarter
41
study of the evolution of behavior and mind using principles of natural selection
evolutionary psychology
42
natural selection: organisms _________ for survival (limited resources)
compete
43
natural selection: some biological and behavioral tendencies increase the probability of __________/____________
survival/reproduction
44
natural selection: those that survive are likely to pass on these ____________ to the next generation
tendencies (advantageous ones)
45
T/F: evolutionary psychology is not super popular because its historical
true
46
mimics natural selection to get better plants, crops, etc with BETTER traits
artificial selection
47
regarding our CURRENT BEHAVIOR, _______ selects behavior that increase likelihood of sending one's genes into future (enhance reproduction)
nature
48
some of our current human behavior can be explained by looking at _________ history of an organism
evolutionary
49
examples of evolutionary history of an organism that have contributed to OUR current behavior (2):
- gender differences in mating preferences (men attracted to women who portray fertility -- wide hips-- and women attracted to dominance + affluence)
- sweet tooth (higher calories good for survival)
50
criticisms of evolutionary psych (3):
- genetic determinism
- too little emphasis on social influences (nurture) on behavior
- reliant on "hindsight" explanation
51
critique of evolutionary psych: too much emphasis on GENES; says genes themselves causes behavior
genetic determinism
52
parental influence is largely _________. this support is essential in nurturing children.
genetic
53
T/F: other socializing factors from parents do play an important role in addtion to the genetic factors they provide
true
54
_______ influence is MUCH stronger than parental influence (ex: language accent)
peer
55
each culture develops these; RULES for accepted and expected behavior
norms
56
examples of social norms (2):
- Japan doesn't like "small talk" but US does
- East likes eating in public, but West (Japan) considers it rude
57
Western cultures are __________ and Asian/African cultures are ________
individualists; collectivists
58
Western v. Asian/African culture: responsible for your self
western
59
Western v. Asian/African culture: responsible to GROUP
asian/african
60
Western v. Asian/African culture: follow your conscience
western
61
Western v. Asian/African culture: priority to obedience
asian/african
62
Western v. Asian/African culture: discover your gifts
westernized
63
Western v. Asian/African culture: be true to faily-self
asian/african
64
Western v. Asian/African culture: be true to yourself
western
65
Western v. Asian/African culture: be loyal to your group
asian/african
66
Western v. Asian/African culture: be INDEPENDENT
western
67
Western v. Asian/African culture: be INTERDEPENDENT
asian/african
68
how one defines oneself
personal identidy
69
TWO types of personal identity:
- individualist
- collectivist
70
type of personal identity: separate form others; a unique individual
individualist
71
type of personal identity: connected to others; part of a WHOLE
collectivist
72
T/F: regarding collectivists vs. individualists, one is not better than the other
true
73
how major LIFE goals are shaped between individualist vs. collectivist: self-defined; to be unique; realize your potential + compete with others
individualist
74
how major LIFE goals are shaped between individualist vs. collectivist: defined by others; BELONG; occupy your proper place; meet your obligations to others; be like others
collectivist
75
criteria for SELF ESTEEM (what makes one content/life goals) between individualist vs. collectivist: ability to express unique aspects of the self, be self-assured
individualist
76
criteria for SELF ESTEEM (what makes one content/life goals) between individualist vs. collectivist: ability to restrain the self and be part of a social unit; ability to be self-effacing
collectivist
77
SUCCESS + FAILURE between individualist vs. collectivist: success comes from personal effort; failure from external factors ("I worked hard.")
individualist
78
SUCCESS + FAILURE between individualist vs. collectivist: success due to help from others; failure due to personal faults
collectivist
79
success for individualists comes from ______ _________ and failure comes from ___________ _______. collectivists are the OPPOSITE***
internal attribution; external attribution
80
gender difference affect behavior to a much ________ degree than you think
smaller
81
T/F: behavior differences between two males or two females is MUCH larger than between males/females
true!!!
82
women form more _______ with people than do men
connections (friendships)
83
men emphasize ________ and _________-
freedom and self-reliance
84
gender differences and connectedness between males and females are evident in childhood _______ _______
play styles
85
our culture shapes these; expectations of how men and women are SUPPOSED to behave
gender roles
86
how a person views himself or herself in terms of gendeer
gender identity
