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Psychology > Lec. 15 (memory encoding) > Flashcards

Lec. 15 (memory encoding) Flashcards

1
Q

the study of behaviorism could explain some forms of learning, but simple _______ could not explain complex activities (like language development)

A

conditioning

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2
Q

view the mind as an INFORMATION PROCESSOR

A

cognitive psychologists

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3
Q

seq. process of Information Processing Model for memory (3 steps):

A

encoding –> storage –> retrieval

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4
Q

step of information processing model: stimuli is transformed into a MENTAL REPRESENTATION; stimuli is represented as a memory code (or type of information)

A

encoding

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5
Q

types of memory codes (3):

A
  • visual
  • acoustic
  • semantic
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6
Q

type of memory code: what it MEANS

A

semantic

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7
Q

encoding is a similar concept to _________ (one kind of info is transformed into another)

A

transduction

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8
Q

step of information processing model: information maintained in memory

A

storage

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9
Q

type of long-term memory (3):

A
  • episodic
  • procedural
  • semantic
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10
Q

information in memory stored in different ways can determine how well it will be ________

A

remembered

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11
Q

type of LTM: events

A

episodic

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12
Q

type of LTM: how to do stuff

A

procedural

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13
Q

type of LTM: what stuff means

A

semantic

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14
Q

step of information processing model: recovering information from memory; actually remembering something

A

retrieval

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15
Q

ease of retrieval depends on what 2 things?

A
  • how info was originally encoded + stored
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16
Q

T/F: recall and recognition are the same thing

A

false

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17
Q

recall or recognition: essay exam

A

recall

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18
Q

recall or recognition: multiple choice test

A

recognition

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19
Q

types of Memory (3):

A

1) sensory memory
2) short term memory (working memory))
3) long term memory

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20
Q

short term memory is also called what?

A

working memory

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21
Q

information processing model involving the types of memory:

A

1) external events
2) sensory memory
—- attention
3) short term memory
—- encoding
4) long term memory

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22
Q

according to the information processing model, if you fail to ENCODE after short term memory, you will ________ and the info. will not end up where?

A

forget; LTM

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23
Q

type of memory: major function is to hold info. long enough to be processed further (sensory registers); helps us to experience a constant flow of information, even if that flow is interrupted

A

sensory memory

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24
Q

sensory has a very _____ capacity and a very _____ duration

A

high cap; low duration

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25
Q

mental resources are focused on only part of the stimuli around us; remaining sensory memories fade quickly

A

selective attention

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26
Q

T/F: sensory memory has a very high capacity (can register everything you hear or see) but a very short lifespan

A

true

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27
Q

the information in sensory memory decays in ______________

A

less than one second

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28
Q

type of memory: stores limited amounts of information for a limited time

A

short term memory (STM)

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29
Q

STM hold info. for up to __________ unless rehearsed

A

18 seconds

30
Q

allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate, information being held in STM; also called this

A

working memory

31
Q

combining smaller units of information into larger units; strategy you can use to improve your STM

32
Q

________ are another way of chunking information to remember it

33
Q

the ______ info. is in STM, the more likely it will be placed in LTM

34
Q

effortful learning usually requires _________ or _________

A

rehearsal or conscious repitition

35
Q

studied rehearsal by using NONSENSE syllables

A

Ebbinghaus

36
Q

words that look like words but aren’t; single-syllable nonsense

A

nonsense syllables

37
Q

T/F: the more time the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions were required to remember on Day 2.

38
Q

type of memory: a relatively LONG-LASTING stage of memory whose capacity to store new information is believed to be UNLIMITED; a relatively deep processing is necessary

A

long term memory

39
Q

what kind of deep processing is necessary for information to be put into LTM?

A

semantic (meaning) coding

40
Q

quick rehearsal is good for LTM

A

false (needs to be ELABORATE rehearsal if anything)

41
Q

information encoded into your memory (LTM specifically) causes _________ changes all over your _________

A

synaptic; cortex

42
Q

T/F: your memory of info. is specific to certain portions of your brain

A

false (all over your cortex)

43
Q

2 types of LTM:

A

1) explicit (declarative)
2) implicit (procedural)

44
Q

type of LTM: with conscious recall; your “what” memories

A

explicit (declarative

45
Q

type of LTM: without conscious recall; your “how” memories

A

implicit (procedural)

46
Q

explicit LTM are _______ and implicit are ______

A

declarative; procedural

47
Q

explicit LTM are processed where?

A

hippocampus

48
Q

implicit LTM are processed wehre?

A

in part, by cerebellum

49
Q

what kind of information is included in EXPLICIT memories (2)?

A
  • facts (general knowledge)
  • personally experienced events
50
Q

what kind of information is included in IMPLICIT memories (2)?

A
  • skills (motor + cognitive)
  • classical and operant conditioning effects
51
Q

explicit or implicit: state capitals

52
Q

explicit or implicit: details about your 6th birthday

53
Q

explicit or implicit: tying your shoes or swinging a golf club

54
Q

encoding to LTM can either be _______ or _______

A

automatic or effortful

55
Q

automatic OR effortful processing to LTM: route to school

56
Q

automatic OR effortful processing to LTM: friend’s new cell phone number

57
Q

new or unusual information requires _______ and ________ to go to your LTM

A

attention + effort

58
Q

the BULK of information requires ________ processing to go to LTM

59
Q

T/F: we process an enormous amount of info effortlessly (automatically, without attention)

60
Q

types of AUTOMATIC processing to LTM (3):

A

1) space/location
2) time
3) frequency

61
Q

type of automatic processing: while reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page

A

space/location

62
Q

type of automatic processing: we unintentionally note the events that take place in a day

63
Q

type of automatic processing: you effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you

A

frequency (ex: eye swelling every sinus infection)

64
Q

processing that leads to DURABLE and ACCESSIBLE memories; committing new information to memory requires effort

A

effortful processing

65
Q

encoding during effortful processing can occur at a _______ or ______ level

A

DEEP or SHALLOW

66
Q

levels of processing for EFFORTFUL PROCESSING (3):

A
  1. semantic
  2. acoustic
  3. visual
67
Q

level of processing for effortful processing: DEEPEST form of encoding; virtually guaranteed it will go into LTM

68
Q

level of processing for effortful processing: how it sounds

69
Q

level of processing for effortful processing: how it looks

70
Q

acoustic and visual levels of processing are more so _______ methods and are more ________ than semantic

A

rehearsal; shallow

71
Q

the more ______ + ______ put into encoding, the better it’s remembered

A

time + effort

Psychology (23 decks)

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