Lec. 18 (intelligence) Flashcards
Question that drives a lot of intelligence researchers =
do we have an inborn general mental capacity (intelligence)? if so, can we quantify this capacity as a meaningful number?
intelligence (in all cultures) is the combination of what 3 things?
- ability to learn from experience
- solve problems
- use our knowledge to adapt to new situations
in research studies, intelligence is whatever the _______ ______ measures
intelligence test
intelligence is a ______ ______; not easily defined; don’t know what is is but knows its affects behavior
“psychology construct”
not easily observable (like heights or hair color) but may be measurable; is theorized to exist
psychology construct
Sternberge say that intelligence includes what 3 things?
- having knowledge
- efficiently using that knowledge to reason about the world
- using that reasoning adaptively in different environments
T/F: most ppl agree with what Sternberg says intelligence includes.
true
determined if French children doing poorly in school can be identified; given the job to determine what GRADE children should be placed in; came up with the FIRST intelligence test
Binet (1904)
Binet’s test is modified by ________
Termen
introduced the concept of IQ
Termen
IQ (equation) =
(mental age / chronological age) x 100
actual age
chronological age
IQ stands for _________ ________ and is a _____
intelligence quotient; ratio
avg. intelligence score for IQ =
100
measures verbal IQ, performance IQ (speed), full scale IQ; can also calcuate factor scores that reflect a person’s cognitive processing speed, working memory, perceptual organization, verbal comprehension; there are issues with it
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 3rd edition (WAIS-III)
what all does the WAIS-III measure (3)?
- verbal IQ
- performance IQ (speed)
- full scale IQ
what ELSE can WAIS-III reflect about a person (4)?
- cognitive processing speed
- working memory
- perceptual organization
- verbal comprehension
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III-R) component: “what part is missing from this picture?”
picture completion
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III-R) component: “these pictures tell a story, but they are in the wrong order. Put them in the right order so they tell a story.”
picture arrangement
T/F: the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III-R) is made up of many different tests to measure intelligence
true
distribution of the IQ scores in the population; get the same graph when you graph a lot of natural phenomenon
normal distribution
< a score of 70 =
mental retardation
equal to or > 130 =
genius
advantages of tests (2):
- tests are STANDARDIZED
- tests SUMMARIZE the test taker’s performance with a specific number/score
advantage of tests: the conditions surrounding the test are as similar as possible for everyone who takes it; said to be “OBJECTIVE” (not subjective)
standardized
advantage of tests: allows for the calculation of norms, which describe the frequency of particular scores
summarization of performance
a good test factors what TWO things into it?
1) reliability
2) validity
refers to the stability of a measurement scale, i.e. how far it will give the same results on separate occasions, and it can be assessed in different ways; stability, internal consistency and equivalence
reliability
the degree to which a scale measures what it is intended to measure
validity
reliability =
consistency
“same results from one time to another” of a test =
high reliability
“accurate conclusions and predictions” of a test =
high validity
for teenagers + adults, ________ is HIGH (generally above +.90) and _______ and reasonability good for predicting certain criteria, but is not a perfect measure of how “smart” ppl are (ex: SAT scores are “pretty good” at predicting how you’ll do in college)
reliability, validity
both _______ and _______ factors interact to influence cognitive abilities
genetic + environmental
_______ seems to play a slightly bigger part in correlation of IQs between siblings compared to _______
genetics; environment
2 REASONS why IQs are increasing
1) increased access to NUTRITIOUS foods
2) increased access to HEALTHCARE
increase in IQs is call the _____ ______
Finn Effect
whether the gains achieved by preschool enrichment programs last are unknown; their long-term benefits are disputed but the fading effects are probably due more to reduced ________ than loss of ___________
motivation; cognitive ability
intelligence refers to knowledge acquired through one’s culture including verbal ability and social knowledge; Jeopardy tests this
crystallized intelligence
abilities needed for abstract reasoning and speeded performance; abilities used to REASON in a situation; related to frontal lobe function
fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence _______ as you age and fluid intelligence ________
increases; decreases
crystallized intelligence refers to ______ ability
verbal
