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Biology 30 > Human Reproductive System - 14.3 > Flashcards

Human Reproductive System - 14.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

When is the chromosomal sex or genetic sex determined?

A

At fertilization

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2
Q

What is the sex chromosome combination for a male?

A

XY

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3
Q

What is the sex chromosome combination for a female?

A

XX

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4
Q

How long are male and female embryos anatomically identical?

A

Until about 7th week of development

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5
Q

When does the development of male sex organs begin?

A

Before birth

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6
Q

What does the Y chromosome carry in males?

A

Testis determining factor gene (TDF)

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7
Q

What does TDF do?

A

Triggers the production of male sex hormones

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8
Q

What is another word for male sex hormones?

A

Androgens

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9
Q

What does the presence of Androgens cause?

A

Initiates the development of male sex organs and ducts in the fetus

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10
Q

What is puberty?

A

Period in which the RS completes its development and becomes fully functional

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11
Q

When do most boys enter puberty?

A

Between ages 10 and 13 years old

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12
Q

What are the changes that puberty causes?

A

*Final development of the sex organs

  • Final development of the secondary characteristics
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13
Q

What does GnRH cause the anterior pituitary to secrete?

A

*FSH
*LH

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14
Q

What do FSH and LH cause in males?

A

Cause the testes to begin producing sperm and to release testosterone

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15
Q

What does FSH cause in males?

A
  • Causes the interstitial cells in the testes to produce sperm
  • Causes the cells in the seminiferous tubules to produce inhibin
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16
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

Acts on the anterior pituitary to inhibit the production of FSH (negative feedback loop)

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17
Q

What happens when FSH levels drop?

A

Testes release less inhibin
Decrease in inhibin causes the anterior pituitary to secrete more FSH

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18
Q

What does LH cause in males?

A

Causes the testes to release testosterones - promotes changes in muscle development and the formation of facial hair

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19
Q

What happens when there are high levels of testoserone in the body?

A

Acts on the anterior pituitary to inhibit the release of LH

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20
Q

What are side affects of antibiotic steroids?

A

Shrinking testicles, low sperm county, loss of body hair, growth of breasts

21
Q

What is andropause?

A

When testosterone levels decline in males (around age 40)

22
Q

What are symptoms of andropause?

A

Fatigue, depression, loss of muscle/bone mass. drop in sperm production

23
Q

When does puberty happen in girls?

A

Between ages 9 to 13 years old

24
Q

What do FSH and LH cause in the female RS?

A

Act on the ovaries to produce the female sex hormone: estrogen and progesterone

25
Q

What is the pattern in the female reproductive system called?

A

The menstrual cycle

26
Q

What does the menstrual cycle ensure?

A

It ensures that the ovum is released at the same time that the uterus is most receptive to a fertilized egg

27
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle last?

A

About 28 days - cycle ends with menstruation and ends with the starts of the next menstruation period

28
Q

What cycle of the menstrual cycle takes place in the ovaries?

A

Ovarian cycle

29
Q

What cycle of the menstrual cycle takes place in the uterus?

A

The uterine cycle

30
Q

What controls the the ovarian and uterine cycle?

A

estrogen and progesterone

31
Q

What happens when a follicle matures and releases an ovum?

A

It develops into the corpus luteum

32
Q

What is the first stage of the ovarian cycle?

A

The follicular stage

33
Q

What is the second stage of the ovarian cycle?

A

The luteal stage

34
Q

What happens in the follicular stage?

A
  • FSH stimulates follicle to mature
  • As follicle develops it secretes progesterone and estrogen
    *Rising levels of estrogen in blood acts on the anterior pituitary to to inhibit the release of FSH

*Estrogen triggers hypothalamus to secrete GrNH
*anterior pituitary secretes Lh which triggers ovulation - follicle bursts releasing ovum

35
Q

What happens in the luteal stage?

A

*LH causes the follicle to develop into a corpus luteum

  • Corpus luteum secretes sone progesterone and some estrogen
  • As corpus luteum degenerates there are low levels of sex hormones - anterior pituitary secretes hormones again - cycle starts again
36
Q

What happens to levels of estrogen and progesterone if ovum is fertilized?

A

They remain high under stimulus of hCG - released by embryo supporting membranes

37
Q

What does the continued presence of estrogen and progesterone do?

A

*Progesterone - maintains the endometrium to support developing follicles

  • Estrogen - stops the ovarian cycle so no additional follicles mature
38
Q

What day does ovulation take place?

A

Day 14 - halfway through the ovarian cycle

39
Q

How long does the ovum survive after ovulation?

A

24 hours

40
Q

What does the uterine cycle ensure?

A

That the uterus is prepared to receive and nurture a new life.

41
Q

Does the uterine cycle begin on the first day of mensturation?

A

Yes - this day the luteum has degenerated and the sex hormones in the blood are low

42
Q

What causes a rapid thickening of the endometrium?

A

The release of progesterone by the corpus luteum

43
Q

What happens if fertilization does not occur?

A
  • Corpus luteum degenerates
  • Level of sex hormones are low
  • Endometrium breaks down
  • Mensuration begins again
44
Q

What is the complete end of the menstural cycle called?

A

Menopause

45
Q

What is menopause?

A

When a woman is no longer fertile and is no longer able to produce ova

46
Q

What are symptoms of menopause?

A

*Blood vessels alternately constrict and dilate
* Change in mood
* Cholesterol levels rise
*Diminishing bone mass
* Increased uterine, breast, and heart cancer

47
Q

What can one consider during menopause?

A

To get hormone replacement therapy (prescription of low levels of estrogen with or without progesterone)

48
Q

What are the risks of hormone replacement theory?

A

*Increased coronary heart disease, strokes, and blood clots
*Increase breast cancer and colorectal cancer
*Increased risk of dementia

49
Q
A

Biology 30 (33 decks)

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