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Biology 30 > 18.3 > Flashcards

18.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a permanent change in the genetic material of an organism?

A

Mutation

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2
Q

What are somatic cell mutations?

A

Mutations that occur in body cells

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3
Q

What are germ cell mutations?

A

Mutations that occur in reproductive cells

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4
Q

What are point mutations?

A

Permanent changes that affects just one or a few nucleotides - small change

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5
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

Mutation that has no affect on the cells metabolism or the protein that is produced

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6
Q

What is a mis sense mutation?

A

When a substitution leads to a slightly altered but still functional polypeptide

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7
Q

What is a result of a mis sense mutation?

A

Sickle cell anemia - change of a single amino acid in on of the polypeptides that make of hemoglobin

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8
Q

What are non sense mutations?

A

Mutations that render the gene unable to code for a functional polypeptide - start signal is deleted or there is a premature stop codon

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9
Q

How many stop codons are there, and what are they?

A

There are three stop codons
* UAA
*UGA
*UAG

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10
Q

How many start codons are there, and what are they?

A

One start codon
* AUG

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11
Q

What is a frame shift mutation?

A

Causes the entire reading frame of a gene to be altered

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12
Q

Do nucleotide substitutions affect neighboring code sequences?

A

NO

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13
Q

How many genes do point mutations affect?

A

Only one gene

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14
Q

What happens when there are mutations that rearrange the genetic material.

A

Several genes can be affected, including genes located on different chromosomes

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15
Q

What are two examples of chromosomal mutations?

A
  • Crossing over - recombines genetic material on different chromosomes
  • DNA replication - the loss or duplication of a portion of chromosome - change in the structure of DNA sequences
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16
Q

What is spontaneous mutations, and what is a source?

A

Mutations that are caused by molecular interactions that take place naturally in the cell
* Incorrect base pairing by DNA polymerase during the process of DNA replication

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17
Q

What are induced mutations?

A

Mutations that are caused by agents that are outside the cell

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18
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

A substance that increases the rate of a mutation in an organism

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19
Q

What are two types of mutagens?

A

A physical mutagen and a chemical mutagen

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20
Q

What do physical mutagens do, and what are examples of physical mutagens?

A

They cause physical changes in the structure of DNA(breaks nucleotide sequence)

X ray, UV radiation, gamma rays

21
Q

What do X rays do?

A

They are high form of radiation that tear through DNA molecules
* causing random changes from point mutations to the loss of large proportions of chromomes

22
Q

What does UV radiation do?

A

It causes a chemical reaction between adjacent pyrimindes Thymine and Cytosine
* Distortion of the DNA molecule that interferes with replication

23
Q

What can be caused from UV radiation?

A

Cancer - melanoma

24
Q

What are chemical mutagens?

A

Mutagens that enter the nucleus of a cell and induce mutations by reacting chemically with DNA

25
Q

How can a chemical mutagen insert itself in a cell?

A
  • May insert in a manner that causes point mutations or frameshift mutations
  • May have a structure that is similar to to the ordinary nucleotides but with different base pairing properties
26
Q

What are chemical mutagens that are associated with one or more forms of cancer?

A

Carcinogenic mutagens

27
Q

What is the definition of cancer in molecular terms?

A

The result of somatic cell mutations that disrupt the expression of genes in the regulation of the cell cycle

28
Q

Does a single mutation have an effect on a living cell?

A

No

29
Q

What is responsible for some of the tremendous variation that we see?

A

The accumulation of mutations over time

30
Q

What are the two factors for mutations?

A

They can be inherited
* or the result of exposure to mutagens in the environment

31
Q

Which things do not share a similar genetic code?

A
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts
  • They have their own DNA, and their genome is replicated, transcribed, and translated independently from the DNA in the nucleus of the cell
32
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

Eukaryotic cells arose through a process in which one specifics of prokaryote engulfed another

33
Q

What is mitochondrial DNA used for?

A

To gather information about the history of an individual species
* If two people have identical mtDNA sequences - they most likely share a relatively maternal ancestor

34
Q

What is examining genetic variations among deferent species?

A

Study of biological diversity

35
Q

What is a crucial tool in the study of biological diversity and evolution?

A

Non coding stretches of DNA

36
Q

What do non coding stretches of DNA do?

A

They have a higher mutation rate than the DNA within genes
* The higher the mutation rate - the more genetic variation there is between the same species

37
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Working in a laboratory, and manipulating genetic material to alter genes and blend plant, animal and bacterial DNA

38
Q

What is a recombinant DNA?

A

A molecule of DNA that includes genetic material from different sources

39
Q

What do prokaryotic organism use to defend themselves against infection by foreign bacteria?

A

They use restriction enzymes

40
Q

What do restriction enzymes do?

A

catalyze the cleave of DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence

41
Q

What are restriction endonucleases?

A

Restriction enzymes that cuts the interior of a DNA molecule rather than at the end

42
Q

What is the target sequence?

A

The nucleotide sequence that restriction enzymes targets

43
Q

What is the restriction site?

A

The point that the DNA strand is cut

44
Q

What two characteristics of DNA make it useful to genetic engineers?

A
  • Specificity - Cuts made by RE are specific and predictable
  • The DNA is cut the same way each time into identical small DNA fragments
  • Staggered cuts - RE leave unpaired nucleotides on a single strand at each end of the restriction fragment (sticky ends)
  • Can form base pairs with one another with a restriction fragment by the action of the same restriction endonuclease on a different strand
45
Q

What splices the sticky pairs together that forms base pairs?

A

DNA ligase

46
Q

What is gel electrophoresis?

A
  • The tool used to sort and analyze DNA fragment
47
Q

How does gel electrophoresis separate DNA fragments ?

A

They separate them according to mass and charge

48
Q

What is the process of gel electrophoresis?

A
  1. Solution that contains DNA fragments is applied at one end of a gel
  2. An electric current is passed through the gel - causes one end of the gel to develop a positive charge and the other negative charge
  3. Because DNA is negative it will move towards the positive side - smaller fragments move down
  4. After a period of time - fragments separate into a pattern of bands (DNA fragments)

Biology 30 (33 decks)

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