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Biology 30 > Endocrine System -13.2 > Flashcards

Endocrine System -13.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many lobes does the pituitary gland have and what are they?

A

Anterior Pituitary and Posterior Pituitary
* It has two lobes

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2
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

The pituitary stalk (infundibulum)

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3
Q

Why is the pituitary gland called the “master gland.”

A

It releases several trophic hormones - up to 8

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4
Q

What controls the pituitary gland?

A

The hypothalamus - via (releasing hormones and neurons through pituitary stalk)

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5
Q

Does the posterior pituitary produce hormones?

A

No, it is considered to be part of the nervous system - does not produce any hormones

  • Releases and stores hormones (ADH and Oxytocin) that are produced in the hypothalamus - but are transferred through the neuronal axons
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6
Q

Does the anterior pituitary produce hormones?

A

Yes, it is a hormone synthesizing gland - produces up to 6 hormones

  • hgh
  • ACTH
  • TSH
    *FSH
    *LH
    *Prolactin
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7
Q

How is the anterior pituitary stimulated?

A

series of blood vessels (portal system) carries releasing hormones from hypothalamus to pituitary - hormones inhibit or stimulate the release of hormones from this gland

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8
Q

What does hGH released by the anterior pituitary do?

A

regulates growth, development, and metabolism

Cell division - bone and muscle growth

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9
Q

Is hGH a tropic hormone?

A

Yes, but it can have direct stimulation on some body tissue

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10
Q

What does hGH stimulate the liver to release?

A

growth factors

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11
Q

What physiological processes does hGH and growth factors affect?

A
  • protein synthesis
    *Cell division and growth - growth of cartilage, bone, and muscle
    *Metabolic reaction and the release of fats stored in adipose tissue
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12
Q

What happens if large amounts of hGh is produced during childhood?

A

Gigantism

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13
Q

What happens if there is an insufficient production of hGH during childhood?

A

Dwarfism

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14
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

When someone reaches adulthood and skeletal growth is completed - and there is still an overproduction of hGH.

Can’t grow in height - bones and soft tissues widen

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15
Q

What caused Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease?

A

A child who received hGH treatment.

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16
Q

What did genetic engineering produce in 1985?

A

Synthetic hGH - gene that codes hGH is injected into bacteria - bacteria produces rapidly creating hGH

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17
Q

Describe the thyroid gland in regards to its location?

A

Located directly below larynx

Has two lobes - one on each side of the trachea

18
Q

What is the primary affect of thyroxine (T4?)

A

To increase the rate at which the body metabolizes protein, fat, and carbohydrates for energy

19
Q

Does thyroxine have a specific target organ?

A

No, it stimulates the cells of the heart, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscles to increase the rate of cellular respiration

20
Q

Other than metabolism what other effects does thyroxine have?

A

It plays an important role in the growth and development of children - organizes various cells into the tissues and organs

21
Q

What happens if thyroxine fails to develop properly in childhood?

A

Cretinism

22
Q

What does an individual with cretinism look like?

A

They are stockier and shorter than the average child

Without hormonal injections early in life they will have developmental delays

23
Q

What happens if there is an extremely low level of thyoxine produced?

A

Hypotyroidism

24
Q

What happens to an adult with hypothyroidism?

A

*They feel tired
*Slow pulse rate and puffy skin
*Hair loss
*Gain weight
* Slow metabolism

25
Q

What happens if there is an overproduction of thyroxine in an adult?

A

Hyperthyroidism

26
Q

What happens to an adult with hyperthyroidism?

A

They have:
*anxiety
*insomnia
*heat tolerance
*irregular heart beat
*fast metabolism - lose weight

27
Q

What is a severe state of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease

28
Q

What happens with Grave’s disease?

A

They bodies immune system attacks the thyroid

Produces swelling of muscles around the eyes - protrude affecting vision

29
Q

How can hyperthyroidism be treated?

A

*Medication
*Removal of part of thyroid
*Irradiation of part of thyroid

30
Q

What controls thyroxine secretion?

A

A negative feedback loop

31
Q

What is the process of Thyroxine being produced from anterior pituitary?

A
  • Anterior pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone - causes thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine
  • Thyroxine levels rise - thyroxine feeds back to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to stop releasingW TSH and therefore thyroxine
32
Q

What does the thyroid require in order to make the thyroid hormones?

A

It requires iodine - short form of the for thyroxine - refers to four iodine molecules in the hormone

33
Q

What if there is an insufficient amount of iodine in diet?

A

Thyroxine cannot be made - no signal to stop the secretion of TSH by the anterior pituitary

  • Person would be tired, no energy, slow metabolism
34
Q

What if there is a relentless stimulation of the thyroid gland?

A

Goitre - enlargement of the thyroid gland

35
Q

What is calcium essential for?

A

Healthy teeth and skeletal development
* Plays a crucial role in blood clotting, nerve conduction, muscle contraction

36
Q

What hormone in the blood regulates calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin

37
Q

What happens when calcium levels in the blood rises?

A

Calcitonin stimulates the uptake of calcium by the bones

Reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys

38
Q

What are parathyroid glands?

A

Four glands that are attached to the thyroid?

39
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid glands produce?

A

A hormone called parathyroid hormones

40
Q

What happens if there is a low amount of calcium in the blood?

A

The paraythorid gland will be stimulated and parathyroid hormone will be produced

41
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Raises blood calcium levels

  • breakdown of bones to release clacium
    *Reabsorption of calcium by kidneys from urine (activates vitamin D)
    *Vitamin D stimulates the absorption of calcium from food by the intestines

Biology 30 (33 decks)

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