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Biology 30 > Hearing - 12.3 > Flashcards

Hearing - 12.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is hearing considered our most important sense?

A

Can warn us of danger and can trigger strong emotional response

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2
Q

What do sensory receptors in the ear and muscles provide?

A

Provides constant information on the body’s orientation in space

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3
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

Specialized sensory receptors for hearing and balance.

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4
Q

What do mechanoreceptors in the inner ear do?

A

They convert the energy of sound waves into electrochemical energy that the brain perceives as sound.

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5
Q

What are the three main divisions of the ear?

A

The outer, middle, and inner ear

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6
Q

What does the outer ear consist of?

A

The pinna and the auditory canal.

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7
Q

What is the pinna?

A

Outside flap of the ear - made of skin and cartilage - shaped in a way that enhances sound vibration and focuses them into the ear

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8
Q

What is the auditory canal?

A

2.5cm long tube - leads to ear drum in the middle ear - amplifies sound waves making them louder

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9
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

Air filled space - boarded on one side by the Tympanum (ear drum)

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10
Q

What is the Tympanum?

A

round, elastic structure - vibrates in response to sound waves

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11
Q

What are the ossicles?

A

Three, tiny interconnected bones in the middle ear (smallest bones in the body)

Vibrations are amplified - act as a lever for the next bone

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12
Q

What three bones does the ossicles consist of?

A

Malleus - hammer
Incus - anvil
Staples - stirrup

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13
Q

What do the staples specifically do?

A

Concentrate the vibrations into the membrane covered opening of the inner ear - the oval window

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14
Q

How is the middle ear connected to the throat?

A

With the Eustachian Tube

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15
Q

What does the inner ear consist of?

A

The semicircular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea

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16
Q

What does the semicircular canal and the vestibule contain?

A

Sensors for balance

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17
Q

What is the cochlea and why is it important?

A

It is used for hearing

Where mechanical energy of sound is converted into electrochemical energy that is transmitted into the brain

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18
Q

What must the vibrations in the oval window be converted to?

A

Pressure waves - fluid filled

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19
Q

What does the middle area of the cochlea contain?

A

The Organ of Corti - organ of hearing

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20
Q

Describe the organ of Corti?

A

Along the base of organ of corti (basilar membrane) - sensory receptors known as hair cells are attached

Hair cells have thin projections - stereocilia - stick out at the top of the cells

Stereocilia are embedded within the tectorial membrane

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21
Q

What are the thin projections that come out of hair cells?

A

Stereocilia

22
Q

Where are the stereocilia embedded in?

A

The tectorial membrane

23
Q

What are the hair cells of the organ Corti able to distinguish?

A

Both frequency (pitch) and amplitude (intensity)

24
Q

What is frequency?

A

number of waves that pass through a specific point every second (measured in Hertz)

25
Q

What do high frequencies stimulate?

A

Stimulates hair cells close to the oval window

26
Q

What do low frequencies stimulate?

A

Stimulates hair cells that are farthest from the oval window

27
Q

What happens in the cochlea if the noise is louder?

A

The more pressure the fluid in the cochlea puts on the cells of the basilar membrane

28
Q

What is noise measured in?

A

Decibels - any noise over 80dB can be damaging

29
Q

How is sensory information sent in the brain (the path)?

A

Sensory neurons carry information through the auditory nerve - to brain stem - to thalamus - then to temporal lobes of cerebrum

30
Q

What are the three major structures in the inner ear that help us to stand upright and and move without losing our balance?

A

Semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule
- Help us stand upright and move without losing our balance (equilibrium)

31
Q

What kind of receptors does the semicircular canals contain?

A

mechanoreceptors that detect head and body rotation (rotational equilibrium)

32
Q

Describe the ends of the semicircular canals.

A

Ends in a buldge - inside each buldge - stereocilia of the hair cells stick to a jelly covering (cupula)

When head moves - fluid moves/bends stereocilia - hair cells send rotational information to brain

33
Q

What is gravitational equilibrium?

A

The balance required when moving the head back and forth.

34
Q

What does gravitational equilibrium depend on?

A

It depends on the utricle and saccule (together make up the fluid filled vestibule in the inner ear)

35
Q

What do the saccules and utricles contain?

A

They contain calcium carbonate granules (otoliths)

36
Q

Where does otoliths lie?

A

Otoliths lie in a copula over a layer of hair cells

37
Q

What happens when the head dips forwards and backwards?

A

Gravity pulls on the otoliths - puts pressure on the hair cells - they send impulse to brain indicating the position of the brain

38
Q

What did the ability to distinguish different foods develop as?

A

An adaptation

39
Q

What are the four basic tastes?

A

Sweet, sour, salty, and bitter

39
Q

What do poisonous plants consist of?

A

Bitter tasting molecules made of - alkaloid compound

40
Q

What are the sensory receptors in the bumps on the tounge?

A

Papillae

41
Q

How does an impulse travel from tongue to brain?

A

Taste buds - areas on brainstem - to thalamus - to gustatory Centre of the parietal love

42
Q

Why do they think that we can distinguish lots of smells (lock and key)?

A

The odour particles fit like a lock and key on specific chemoreceptors

43
Q

What are the chemoreceptors in the nose called and where are they located?

A

Olfactory cells - lining the upper nasal cavity

44
Q

What is the process of smelling something?

A

Particles bind with olfactory cells - ion membrane channels open - generates action potential in olfactory cell - directly linked to olfactory bulb opening in brain

From here - impulse is sent to emotional centres of brain (limbic system) and frontal lobe where the perception of smell occurs

45
Q

How is taste linked to smell?

A

Molecules from food travel through the nose passages and passages in throat - trigger chemoreceptors - trigger olfactory sensory neuron

46
Q

What are pheromones?

A

Substance that aids in the recognition and attraction of a mate

47
Q

What are pheromones detected by?

A

Vomeronasal organ

48
Q

When does Pain occur?

A

When specialized sensors of nerve endings in the skin are activated by mechanical pressure or chemical signals

If skin is damaged - nerve cells (nociceptors) release chemicals that trigger pain receptors to send stimulus to brain

49
Q
A

Biology 30 (33 decks)

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