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Biology 30 > Cell Division - 16.3 > Flashcards

Cell Division - 16.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens when somatic cells reproduce?

A

They have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell (the new cells?

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2
Q

How many chromosomes does a zygote have?

A

23 pairs - one pair from each parent

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3
Q

Where are haploid gametes created in?

A

The ovaries and testes

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4
Q

What are the two key outcomes of meiosis?

A
  • Recombination
  • Reduction division
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5
Q

What is reduction division?

A

When the daughter cells have fewer chromosomes than the parent cell.

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6
Q

What is recombination?

A

Genetic recombination that gives rise to offspring that are genetically different from one another and thier parents.

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7
Q

What are the four distinct phases of meiosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
* Two rounds (meiosis I and meiosis II)

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8
Q

Must a germ cells chromosomes be replicated before meiosis?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is each germ cell of duplicated chromosomes made of?

A

A pair of identical sister chromatids

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10
Q

What happens in prophase 1?

A
  • Each pair of homologous chromosomes line up side by side - synapse
  • Homologous chromosomes pair up
  • Each pair consists of two sister chromatids - now four - forms a tetrad
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11
Q

What happens in metaphase 1?

A
  • Spindle fibers attaches to the centromere of each chromosome
  • Spindle fiber attaches to one pair of sister chromatids in the tetrad - other spindle from opposite pole attachés to the other pair of sister chromatids
  • Spindle fiber guides each tetrad to the equator of the cell
  • At equator they line up in homologous pairs
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12
Q

What happens in Anaphase 1?

A
  • Spindle fibers shorten
  • Homologous chromosomes separate from one another
  • Sister chromatids are held together so centromeres do not split
  • A single chromosome (made up of two sister chromatids) moves to each pole of the cell
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13
Q

What happens in Telophase 1?

A
  • Homologous chromosomes begin to uncoil and spindle fibers disappear
  • Cytoplasm is divided and a nuclei membrane forms around each group of homologous chromosomes - two cells are formed
  • Haploid
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14
Q

True or false, each cell that enters meiosis 2 is haploid?

A

True - consists of replicated chromosomes

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15
Q

True or false, at the end of meiosis 2 daughter cells are still haploid?

A

True - single unreplicated chromosomes

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16
Q

What does meiosis form?

A

Formation of genetically distinct haploid gametes

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17
Q

What is the copy of chromosomes that are contributed by the female gamete?

A

Maternal origin

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18
Q

What is the copy that is contributed by the male gamete called?

A

Paternal origin

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19
Q

How is genetic variation ensured during meiosis?

A
  • Creation of gametes that carry different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes
  • Exchange of genetic material between maternal and paternal chromosomes
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20
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

When the chromosomes from the maternal origin points to one pole - chromosome of parental origin is oriented to the other pole

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21
Q

When do homologous chromosomes synapse during?

A

Prophase 1

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22
Q

What is crossing over?

A

When non sister chromatids exchange pieces of chromosome in process

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23
Q

What is the result of crossing over?

A

Individual chromosomes contains some genes of maternal origins and some genes of parental origin

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24
Q

What is it called when chromosomes or chromatids do not separate as the should in meiosis?

A

Nondisjunction

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25
Q

When does nondisjunction occur?

A

In anaphase 1 or anaphase 2

26
Q

When does nonjusdinction occur in anaphase 1?

A

When homologous pairs do not seperate to their opposite poles

27
Q

How does nonjustinction occur in anaphase II?

A

When sister chromatids do not seperate to opposite poles.

28
Q

What is monosomy?

A

When one chromosome is lost due to nondisjunction.

29
Q

What is turner syndrome?

A
  • Missing X chromosome
  • Female characteristics are underdeveloped
30
Q

What is trisomy?

A

The gain of an extra chromosome

31
Q

What happens in down syndrome?

A

Individual is born with an extra chromosome 21

32
Q

What is the process of sperm production called?

A

Spermatogenesis

33
Q

What is the process of egg production called?

A

Oogenesis

34
Q

Where does meiosis take place in males?

A

In the testes

35
Q

What is the diploid germ cell in the male?

A

Spermatogonium

36
Q

What does puberty stimulate the spermatogonium to do?

A

Divide by mitosis into two daughter cells

37
Q

What do the two daughter cells then do?

A
  • One replenishes the spermatogonia cell population
  • The other develops into a primary spermatocyte
38
Q

What then happens to the primary spermatocyte?

A

Undergoes meiosis 1 to form two secondary spermatocytes

39
Q

What then happens to the secondary spermatocytes?

A

They undergo meiosis II and form four spermatids.

40
Q

What are the final set of development for sperm?

A
  • Head
  • Middle piece
  • Tail like flagellum
41
Q

Where does meiosis take place in females?

A

In the ovaries

42
Q

What is the diploid germ that oogenesis starts with?

A

Oogonium

43
Q

What is formed when the oogonium undergoes mitosis?

A

Two primary oocytes

44
Q

How many oocytes can be formed three months after conception?

A

Twp million primary oocytes can be found in the ovary

45
Q

When will the primary oocyte be out of prophase 1?

A

At puberty

46
Q

What kind of cytokinesis occurs in the cytoplasm of the oocyte?

A

Assymetricaly cytokinesis - first polar body and secondary oocyte (gets more cytoplasm)

47
Q

What happens when the secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis 2?

A

Second polar body is generated - also cell that will generate into a mature egg

48
Q

What time period separates meiosis I and II?

A

More than a decade

49
Q

How long is the secondary oocyte arrested till?

A

Until fertilization occurs

50
Q

How often is a secondary oocyte released?

A

Each month

51
Q

What does fusion of one ovum and sperm do?

A

Creates a single zygote

52
Q

Are fraternal twins genetically identical?

A

No

53
Q

Are identical twins genetically identical?

A

Yes

54
Q

How are fraternal things born?

A
  • More than one secondary oocyte is released
  • If both of these oocytes are fertilized and successfully implant in the uterus - fraternal twins may be born
55
Q

How are identical twins born?

A
  • If a single blastocyst or zygote divides into two bodies in the first few days of embryonic development
56
Q

Is being polypoid common in plants?

A

Yes

57
Q

Do polypoid plants produce larger flowers or fruits?

A

yes - they also have seedless fruit

58
Q

Is a watermelon diploid?

A

Yes

59
Q

Are a watermelons gametes haploid?

A

Yes

60
Q

What does a cross between a 4n watermelon and a 2n watermelon produce?

A

A triploid watermelon zygote (3n)

Biology 30 (33 decks)

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