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Biology 30 > Fetal Period - 15.2 > Flashcards

Fetal Period - 15.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

When does the fetal period start?

A

The 9th week - lasts until birth

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2
Q

What is the difference between the embryonic and fetal period?

A

*Embryonic - organs are taking shape (time of morphogenesis)

  • Fetal period - present organs continue to develop (time of refinement and growth of existing structures)
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3
Q

When are external reproductive organs distinguishable as male or female?

A

At the end of the 12th week

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4
Q

When can the heart beat of the fetus be heard under a stethoscope?

A

The fourth month

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5
Q

What happens during the fifth month?

A
  • Fetus is covered in fine, soft hair
  • Oily substance to protect still developing skin
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6
Q

What happens in the 6th month?

A
  • Skin appears wrinkled - little fat underneath
  • Skin becomes pink as blood filled capillaries extend to it
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7
Q

What trimester does fetal brain cells form rapidly - connecting to form more and more intricate networks?

A

Third and final trimester

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8
Q

When does the males testes descend into scrotum?

A

In the third trimester?

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9
Q

Which systems are the last to mature?

A

Respiratory and digestive system

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10
Q

Which trimester is nutrition very important?

A

The third trimester

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11
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

An agent that causes structural abnormalities due to exposure during pregnancy

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12
Q

How does cigarette smoking affect baby?

A
  • Constricts fetal blood vessels - oxygen can’t get through
  • Baby becomes overweight
  • still births, premature births, and miscarriages (behavioural and intellect ability is also a factor)
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13
Q

What is the most damaging teratogen?

A

Alcohol

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14
Q

How can alcohol affect baby?

A

Can affect the fetus’: brain, CNS, and physical development
* Decreased weight, malformations in head and face
* Learning and memory difficulties - aggression and personality disorders

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15
Q

What is the term used to describe related alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

A

FASD - fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

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16
Q

What was thaladomide?

A

A medication prescribed to mothers in 1950s to reduce morning sickness

17
Q

What was the effects of thalidomide?

A

The babies were born with missing and deformed limbs

18
Q

What can thalidomide treat?

A

Leprosy and cancers of the bone marrow (myeloma)

19
Q

What nutrient consumed in large amounts can lead to teratogen?

A

Vitamin C - after birth baby can develop scurvy (bruises easily, prone to infection)

20
Q

Does radiation cause teratogenic affects?

A

Yes - X ray, pollutants, organic mercury compounds, PCBs

21
Q

What is the birthing process?

A

Partuition

22
Q

What are the contractions like through pregnancy?

A

20 - 30 seconds occuring every 15-20 mins

23
Q

What are the uterine contractions on the onset of labour?

A

Occur every 15 to 20 minutes last 40 seconds or longer

24
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

It stimulates the uterine muscles to contract

25
Q

What does prostaglandis do?

A

Stimulates the uterus to contract

26
Q

What is prolactin?

A

Hormone that is needed for milk production
* High levels of estrogen and progesterone suppress its production in the anterior pituitary - once mother has given birth the anterior pituitary secretes prolactin

27
Q

What is colostrum?

A

Contains anti bodies from mother - providing baby with protection from various infectious agents

28
Q

What does the suckling of breasts do?

A

Stimulates the production of milk from the mother

  • Stimulates a nerve impulse to the hypothlamaus - stimulates the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin
29
Q

What does ocytocin do?

A

Causes contractions of the mammary lobules
* alveoli (sacs with cells that produce milk)
( Lobules - end in mammary ducts at the nipple

30
Q

What are the three stages of partuition?

A

Dilation stage, expulsion stage, and placental stage

31
Q

What happens in the dilation stage?

A

*Uterine contractions and oxytocin cause the cervix to open or dilate
* Amniotic sac breaks and amniotic fluid is released through the vagina
* Lasts from 2 to 20 hours

32
Q

What happens in the expulsion stage?

A

*Forceful contractions push the baby through the cervix to the birth canal
* As the baby moves through canal, head rotates making it easier for the body to move through birth canal
* Lasts 0.5 to 2 hours

33
Q

What happens in the placental stage?

A
  • About 15 to 20 minutes after the baby is born
  • umbilical cord are expelled from uterus
  • expelled placenta is called afterbirth

Biology 30 (33 decks)

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