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Biology 30 > 18.1 > Flashcards

18.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Friedrich Miescher coin?

A

The term “nucleic acid” to determine a weakly acidic, phosphorous contianing base

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2
Q

What is DNA?

A

A nucleic acid molecule that governs the process of hereditary in all plants and animals

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3
Q

What is RNA?

A

A nucleic acid molecule that plays a role in gene expression and protein synthesis

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4
Q

What did phobeous lavene show?

A

That chromosomes are made up of a combination of DNA and proteins

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5
Q

What was griffith experiment?

A

Studied pathogenic bacteria - used dead S. pneumonia as his control
* Dead pathogenic bacteria passed their disease-causing properties to live non pathogenic bacteria

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6
Q

What happens when heat-killed pathogenic bacteria is treated with a protein destroying enzyme?

A

Transformation still occurs

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7
Q

What did radioactive labelling prove?

A

That genes are made of DNA - DNA carried genetic information

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8
Q

What did Hershey and chase use to prove that DNA plays a role in tranformation?

A

T2 bacteriophage virus
* Injects genetic information into bacterial cell
* Cell manufactures new virus’ and bursts
* Newly release viruses go and affect other cells

  • One batch had labelled protein coat with radioactive Sulphur
    *Other batch had a labeled DNA using radioactive phosphorous

Cells were blender to separate the viral coats from the bacterial cells - each medium was tested for radioactivity - DNA enters the bacterial cell

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9
Q

What makes up DNA and RNA?

A

Long chains of individual units - nucleotides

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10
Q

What are the combinations of the four different nucleotides?

A

A five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing base

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11
Q

What are the four bases in DNA molecules?

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Guanine

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12
Q

What did Phoebus propose about the proportions of nucleotides?

A

He proposed that nucleotides were present in equal amounts and these chains repeat in a constant sequence of
* ACTGACTGACTG

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13
Q

Who corrected Phoebus and what did he say?

A

Griffith - he said that nucleotides are not present in equal amounts - present in varying but characteristic functions

  • Adenine is equal to Thymine
  • Guanine is equal to Cytosine
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14
Q

What did Rosa Franklin show?

A
  • X ray photography to analyze the structure of DNA
  • helical structure with two regularly repeating patterns
    She showed that the nitrogenous bases are located on the inside of the helicases - sugar phosphate backbone is located on the outside
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15
Q

What did James Watson and Francis Crick do?

A

They produced a structural model of DNA that accounts for all experimental evidence

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16
Q

Does the distance between the sugar phosphate remain constant?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Do the nitrogenous bases differ in size?

A

Yes

18
Q

What nitrogenous bases are in the purine family compound?

A

Adenine and Guanine - two ring structure

19
Q

What nitrogenous bases are in the pyrimidine family compound?

A

Thymine and Cytosine - One string structure

20
Q

What did Watson and Crick determine about how bases bind together?

A

Adenine binds to Thymine

Guanine binds to Cytosine

21
Q

Where is DNA and RNA found in prokaryotes?

A

In the nuclei

22
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A
  • Single stranded
  • RIbose
  • Uracil
23
Q

What is a gene?

A

A functional sub unit of DNA that directs the production of one or more polypeptides

24
Q

What is a genome?

A

The sum of al the DNA that is carried in each cell of an organism

25
Q

Is there a relation between the number of gene and the genome?

A

No

26
Q

What does the speed and accuracy of the replication stage rely on?

A
  • Structural features of DNA
  • Specialized proteins
27
Q

Why is DNA replication semi conservative?

A

It consists of a new parent said and one complementary strand

28
Q

What is the replication origin?

A

The nucleotide sequence that replication starts at

29
Q

What is the helicases?

A

Enzymes that bind to the replication origin and unwind the DNA

30
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

Enzyme that adds nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction - create a strand complementary to existant strand

31
Q

What is elongation?

A

Process of joining nucleotides to extend to a new strand of DNA

32
Q

What are the two conditions for elongation?

A
  • Must go in the 5’ to 3’ direction
  • RNA primer must serve as the starting point for the attachment of nucleotides
33
Q

What is the leading strand?

A

The strand that is added in the 5’ to 3’ direction

34
Q

What are okazaki fragments?

A

Short fragments of DNA that are added in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

35
Q

What holds okazaki fragments together?

A

DNA ligase

36
Q

What reconstructs primer?

A

Primase

37
Q

What is a really important job of DNA polymerase?

A

It proofreads to see if the right bases are paired - if not - parent strand is used as a template

38
Q

What is the complex polypeptides and DNA that interact at the replication fork?

A

Replication machine

39
Q

What is termination?

A

Completion of the new DNA strands and the dismantling of the replication machine

40
Q

What is DNA sequencing?

A

Process of identifying the precise nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment

Biology 30 (33 decks)

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