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Biology 30 > Human Reproductive System - 14.1 > Flashcards

Human Reproductive System - 14.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the human reproductive system adapted to do?

A

To unit a single reproductive cell from a female parent with a single reproductive cell from a male parent

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2
Q

What are the organs in the male and female that produce reproductive cells?

A

The Gonads

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3
Q

What is the gonad in the male reproductive system?

A

Testis

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4
Q

What is the gonad in the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries

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5
Q

What are the male and female reproductive cells also called?

A

Gametes

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6
Q

What two things do the male and female gonads release?

A

Gametes

Sex hormones

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7
Q

What are sex hormones?

A

Chemical compounds that control the development and function of the reproductive system

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8
Q

What are primary sex characteristics?

A

Organs, ducts, and glands that play a direct role in reproduction

(scrotum, penis, uterus, oviducts)

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9
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics?

A

Distinct features that are not directly related to reproductive function

(facial hair, deep voice, minimal body hair)

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10
Q

What is the main role of the male reproductive system?

A

To produce and store a large number of sperm

To deposit this sperm inside the female reproductive tract

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11
Q

Where are the two male gonads (testes) held inside the body?

A

They are held by the scrotum

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12
Q

What does the Scrotum do?

A

It helps regulate the temperature of the testes

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13
Q

What temperature is sperm production the most sucessful?

A

35 degrees celsius

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14
Q

In cold conditions what does the scrotum do?

A

It draws the testicles closer to the body so they stay warm

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15
Q

In hot conditions what does the scrotum do?

A

Holds the testicles more loosely allowing them to remain cooler than the body

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16
Q

Where is the sperm produced?

A

Inside the seminiferous tubules (site of spermatogenesis)

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17
Q

What secretes the male hormone testoserone?

A

Interstitial cells - in between the seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

What are the three parts of the sperm?

A
  • The oval head
  • Cyndrical middle piece
  • Extended tail (Flagellum)
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19
Q

What does the head consist of?

A
  • Contains 23 chromosomes
  • Covered by a caplike structure (acrosome) - stores enzymes that penetrate the protective layer surrounding female egg
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20
Q

What does the middle layer consist of?

A
  • Mitochondria - provides energy for the movement of the tail
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21
Q

What does the tail do?

A

Propels the sperm in lashing motions (sperm can move at a rate of about 3mm per hour)

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22
Q

What supports and nourishes developing sperm?

A

Sertoli cells

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23
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

Connected to the testis - place where sperm become mature and motile

24
Q

What is the ductus deferens?

A

Storage duct that conducts and stores sperm

25
Q

What is the primary reproductive function of the penis?

A

To transfer sperm from the male to female reproductive tract

26
Q

What is the enlarged tip of the penis called?

A

Glans penis

27
Q

What surrounds and protects the glans penis?

A

Sheath of skin - foreskin

28
Q

What is circumsision?

A

Surgical removal of foreskin

29
Q

How does the penis become erect?

A

Aroused - blood flow to erectile tissues increase - it expands

Veins that carry blood from penis become compressed

Penis is enlarged with blood and becomes erect

Sperm move from epidymis through ductus deferens

30
Q

What does the seminal vesicles do?

A

Produces a mucus like fluid that contains the sugar fruticose - provides energy for the sperm

31
Q

What does the prostate gland and cowpers gland do?

A

Produce a mucus and a alkaline fluid to neutralize the acids from urine in the urethra

32
Q

What is the combination of sperm cells and fluids called?

A

Semes

33
Q

What duct carries fluid through the penis?

A

The urethra

34
Q

What prevents urine from mixing with semen during intercourse?

A

sphincters

35
Q

What series of interactions move semen?

A

Sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and somatic nervous system

36
Q

What trigger the release of semen form the penis?

A

Sensory stimulation, arousal, and coordinated muscular contractions

37
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

The site of oogenesis

38
Q

Another name for ova?

A

oocytes

39
Q

Do each ovary produce an egg each month?

A

No, ovaries alternate so that one produce an egg each month

40
Q

Where does a single ovum develop?

A

Within a follicle in the ovary

41
Q

What is the event of ovulation?

A

When a single follicle matures and ruptures - releasing the ovum into the oviduct

42
Q

What sweeps the ovum from the ovary to the oviduct?

A

Fimbriae (thread like projections)

43
Q

What is a mature ovum like?

A

A non motile sphere shaped cell - 0.1mm in diameters

44
Q

What does the ovum contains?

A

A large quantity of cytoplasm - contains nutrients for the first days of development after fertilization

45
Q

What is the uterus?

A

Muscular organ that holds and nourishes a developing fetus

46
Q

What is the internal lining of the uterus?

A

The endometrium - richly supplied with blood vessels to provide nutrients for the fetus

47
Q

What is the base of the uterus called?

A

Cervix

48
Q

What is the entrance for the erect penis to deposit sperm during sexual intercourse?

A

The vagina

49
Q

How long can an ovum survive in the oviduct?

A

Up to 24 hours after ovulation

50
Q

What happens if an egg encounters a sperm in the oviduct?

A

Fertilization

51
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A now fertilized egg

52
Q

What must the endometrium do to prepare itself for zygote?

A

Thicken so that the zygote can implant itself there

53
Q

What happens if the egg is not fertlized?

A

The endometrium disintegrates - its tissue and blood flow out of the vagina

54
Q

What is another term for the endometrium degenerating?

A

Menstruations

55
Q

What are the female externa genital organs?

A

Vulva

  • Labium minora - protect vaginal opening
  • Labium majora - protect vaginal opening
  • Glands clitoris - becomes erect during sexual intercourse

Biology 30 (33 decks)

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