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year 5 - krish pathology guide 2018 > Histopathology: Lung Diseases > Flashcards

Histopathology: Lung Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Obstructive Lung Diseases:

What is/are the site, pathology, aetiology, clinical features, histological features and complications of Chronic bronchitis?

A
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2
Q

Obstructive Lung Diseases:

What is/are the site, pathology, clinical features, histological features and complications of Bronchiectasis?

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3
Q

Obstructive Lung Diseases:

What is/are the defenition, site, pathology, aetiology, clinical features, histological features and complications of Asthma?

A

Asthma

DEFINITION: Chronic airway inflammation characterized by intermittent airway obstruction + hyper-reactivity

Site: Bronchi

Aetiology: Genetic + environmental

Pathology: SM cell hyperplasia, excess mucus, inflammation

Clinical presentation: Presents with wheezing, acute SOB, cough [sx worse @night/morning]

Complications: Chronic asthma, Death [severe attack, patients develop status asthmaticus and go into acute respiratory failure]

Note (understanding only): Status asthmaticus is considered a medical emergency. It is the extreme form of an asthma exacerbation= respiratory failure + death

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4
Q

Obstructive Lung Diseases:

What is/are the site, pathology, aetiology, clinical features, histological features and complications of Emphysema?

A

alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

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5
Q

Obstructive Lung Diseases:

What is/are the site, pathology, aetiology, clinical features, histological features and complications of Small airway disease / Bronchiolitis?

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6
Q

Obstructive lung diseases:

What are the Inflammatory causes of Bronchiectasis?

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7
Q

Obstructive lung diseases:

What are the congenital causes of Bronchiectasis?

A

The triad of situs inversus, chronic sinusitis and bronchiectasis is called Kartagener’s syndrome which is a subgroup of primary ciliary dyskinesia

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8
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What are interstitial lung diseases?

A
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9
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What features of interstitial lung diseases show on spirometry?

A

diffusion CO

measures the ability of the lungs to transfer gas from inhaled air to the red blood cells in pulmonary capillaries. (reduced in Interstitial lung diseases)

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10
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What do interstitial lung diseases typically present with?

Why is it difficult to find the original causes in end stage disease?

A
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11
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What are the categories of interstitial lung diseases?

A
  1. Fibrosing
  2. Granulomatous
  3. Eosinophilic
  4. Smoking related
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12
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What are the types of Fibrosing interstitial lung diseases?

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13
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What are the types of Granulomatous interstitial lung diseases?

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14
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What is/ M:F ratio, aetiology and histology of Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis)?

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15
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What is/are the symptoms and management of Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis (idiopathic pulm fibrosis) ?

A
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16
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What is/are the symptoms and aetiology of Pneumoconiosis?

A
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17
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What is a granuloma? What are examples of Granulomatous infections (Infectious, non-infectious)?

A
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18
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What are the following examples of and what are their histological findings? [CHEB]

  1. Cryptogenic organising pneumonia
  2. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
  3. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
  4. Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia (BOOP)
A
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19
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What causes an acute presentation of:CHEB

  1. Cryptogenic organising pneumonia
  2. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
  3. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
  4. Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia (BOOP)
A
20
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

Describe chronic presentation + What causes a chronic presentation of:

  1. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
  2. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
  3. Cryptogenic organising pneumonia
  4. Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia (BOOP)
A
21
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What are the subtypes of Pneumonia?

A
22
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What are the types of Lung neoplasms?

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Adenocarinoma
  • Small cell carcinoma
  • Large cell carcinoma
23
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What is/are the epidemiology, genetics, symptoms and histology of Squamous cell carcinoma?

A
24
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What is/are cytology, subtypes and progression of Squamous cell carcinoma?

A
25
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What is/are the epidemiology, aetiology, histology and cytology of Lung Adenocarcinoma?

A
26
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What is/are the aetiology, epidemiology, genetics, and symptoms of Small Cell carcinoma?

A
27
Q

Interstitial lung diseases:

What are the features of Large Cell Carcinoma?

A
28
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes:

What are the paraneoplastic syndromes caused by:

  1. ADH
  2. ACTH
  3. PTH/PTHrP
  4. Calcitonin
  5. Serotonin
  6. Bradykinin
A
29
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes:

What are the molecular features of paraneoplastic syndrome?

A
30
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes:

What is the staging of paraneoplastic syndromes?

A
31
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes:

What is a mesothelioma?

A
32
Q

Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:

What are the diseases of the pulmonary vasculature?

A
  1. Pulmonary Embolism
  2. Pulmonary Hypertension
  3. Pulmonary Oedema
  4. Diffuse alveolar damage
33
Q

Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:

What is/are the aetiology and risk factors of Pulmonary Embolism?

A
34
Q

Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:

What are the subtypes of Pulmonary Embolism?

A
35
Q

Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:

What is/are the definition and subtypes of of Pulmonary Hypertension?

A
36
Q

Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:

What is the pathophysiology of Pulmonary Hypertension?

A
37
Q

Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:

What are the complications of Pulmonary Hypertension?

A
38
Q

Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:

What is pulmonary oedema?

A
39
Q

Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:

What is diffuse alveolar damage?

A
40
Q

Name 3 CONGENITAL LUNG DISEASEs?

A
  1. Lung agenesis or hypoplasia
  2. Tracheal and bronchial stenosis
  3. Congenital cysts
41
Q

Congenital lung diseases - Lung agenesis or hypoplasia causes + presentation?

A

Lung agenesis or hypoplasia

  • Low weight or underdeveloped lung e.g. this could be due to compression through a diaphragmatic abnormality
  • Impaired foetal respiratory movements (movement is important in lung development)
  • Very often, these patients present with poor respiratory function after birth
42
Q
A
43
Q

Obstructive lung disease - Asthma presentation - when are sx worst and what is a severe attack called?

A
44
Q
A
45
Q

Asthma Pathophysiology?

A

The first step is sensitisation to an allergen

A patient is exposed to a pollen allergen

Dendritic cells in the airways take up this antigen and present to Th2 cells, activate B-cells = proiduction of allergic IgE antibodies which sit on the surface of mast cells and eosinophils [[∴ type 1 hypersensitivity reaction]

When exposed to the antigen after subsequent sensitisation, there is an immediate phase reaction

There is cross-linking of antibodies on the surface of mast cells when in contact with the antigen

This leads to a massive release of inflammatory mediators which have a number of local effects that cause the initial asthma attack.

  • Granules contain - histamine, leukotrienes, prostoglandins,
46
Q
A

year 5 - krish pathology guide 2018 (70 decks)

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