Chemical Pathology: Fluid balance/Sodium

Question 1

Fluid balance:

What is:

1. The % of body water content
2. Ratio of intracellular: extracellular fluid

What are the main types of Extracellular fluid?

Answer 1

Question 2

Fluid balance:

What is the best analogy for why body cells need a high sodium environment?

Answer 2

Question 3

Fluid balance:

What is there difference between Osmolality and Osmolarity?

Answer 3

Question 4

Fluid balance:

What are the Physiological and Pathological determinants of Serum Osmolarity?

Answer 4

Question 5

Fluid balance:

How is Osmolarity Calculated?

Answer 5

Question 6

Fluid balance:

How can the difference between Osmolality and Osmolarity be useful?

What is the normal range for Osmolality? What disease is it useful in?

Answer 6

Question 7

Sodium:

1. What is the normal range for blood Sodium?
2. How much is freely exchangeable?
3. How are serum levels maintained?
4. What are ECT fluid levels dependent on?

Answer 7

Question 8

Sodium:

1. What is the definition of Hyponatraemia?
2. How should it be treated?
3. What different symptoms are caused at different Sodium levels?

Answer 8

1

Question 9

Sodium:

How is true hyponatraemia defined using serum osmolality?

What is TURP syndrome?

Answer 9

Question 10

Sodium:

What are the subclassifications of Hyponatraemia and what are their causes?

Answer 10

Question 11

Sodium:

How can hydration status and Urinary Sodium be used to distinguish true Hyonatraemia?

Answer 11

1

Question 12

Sodium:

How does Cirrhosis cause Hyponatraemia?

Answer 12

Question 13

Sodium:

What is the danger of rapid correction of Hyponatraemia?

What are the possible causes of Hyponatraemia post surgery?

Answer 13

1

Question 14

Sodium:

What is the laboratory criteria for Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?

Answer 14

1

Question 15

Sodium:

What are the causes of Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?

Answer 15

1

Question 16

Sodium:

What is the treatment for Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?

Answer 16

Question 17

Sodium:

What is the definition of Hypernatraemia?

What is it often caused by in Hospitals?

What are the symptoms of Hypernatraemia?

How is it classified?

What are the dangers of rapid correction?

Answer 17

Question 18

Sodium:

What are the subclasses of hypernatraemia?

Answer 18

1. Hypovolaemic
2. Euvolaemic
3. Hypervolaemic

Question 19

Sodium:

What are the causes of Hypovolaemic Hypernatraemia?

Answer 19

Question 20

Sodium:

What are the causes of Euvolaemic Hypernatraemia?

Answer 20

Question 21

Sodium:

What are the causes of Hypervolaemic Hypernatraemia?

Answer 21

Question 22

Diabetes Insipidus:

What are the clinical features of Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 22

Question 23

Diabetes Insipidus:

What is Cranial Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 23

Question 24

Diabetes Insipidus:

What is Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus?

How is it treated?

What are its causes?

Answer 24

Question 25

Diabetes Insipidus:

How is Diabetes Insipidus diagnosed?

Answer 25

Question 26

Diabetes Insipidus:

How should Exam Questions on Sodium be handled?

Answer 26