Chemical Pathology (All Topics) Flashcards
Fluid balance:
What is:
- The % of body water content
- Ratio of intracellular: extracellular fluid
What are the main types of Extracellular fluid?
Fluid balance:
What is the best analogy for why body cells need a high sodium environment?
Fluid balance:
What is there difference between Osmolality and Osmolarity?
Fluid balance:
What are the Physiological and Pathological determinants of Serum Osmolarity?
Fluid balance:
How is Osmolarity Calculated?
Fluid balance:
How can the difference between Osmolality and Osmolarity be useful?
Sodium:
How is true hyponatraemia defined using serum osmolality?
What is TURP syndrome?
Sodium:
What are the subclassifications of Hyponatraemia and what are their causes?
Sodium:
How can hydration status and Urinary Sodium be used to distinguish true Hyonatraemia?
Sodium:
How does Cirrhosis cause Hyponatraemia?
Sodium:
What is the danger of rapid correction of Hyponatraemia?
What are the possible causes of Hyponatraemia post surgery?
Sodium:
What is the laboratory criteria for Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?
Sodium:
What are the causes of Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?
Sodium:
- What is the normal range for blood Sodium?
- How much is freely exchangeable?
- How are serum levels maintained?
- What are ECT levels dependent on?
Sodium:
- What is the definition of Hyponatraemia?
- How should it be treated?
- What different symptoms are caused at different Sodium levels?
Sodium:
What is the treatment for Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?
Sodium:
What is the definition of Hypernatraemia?
Sodium:
What are the causes of Hypovolaemic Hypernatraemia?
Sodium:
What are the causes of Euvolaemic Hypernatraemia?
Sodium:
What are the causes of Hypervolaemic Hypernatraemia?
Diabetes Insipidus:
What are the clinical features of Diabetes Insipidus?
Diabetes Insipidus:
What is Cranial Diabetes Insipidus?
Diabetes Insipidus:
What is Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus?
Diabetes Insipidus:
How is Diabetes Insipidus diagnosed?
Diabetes Insipidus:
How should Exam Questions on Sodium be handled?
Potassium:
What is the normal range of potassium levels in the body?
Is it mostly intracellular or extracellular?
How much of it is freely exchangeable?
Potassium:
What is/are the definition and main causes of Hypokalaemia?
Potassium:
What is the treatment for Hyporkalaemia?
Potassium:
What is the definition of Hyperkalaemia?
Is it more or less common than Hypokalaemia?
Potassium:
What are the possible causes of Hyperkalaemia?
Potassium:
How is Hyperkalaemia treated?
What does a high Potassium and Low Sodium suggest?
Potassium:
What is the relationship between Hydrogen and Potassium?
Acid Base:
What are the normal ranges for pH, CO2, Bicarbonate and Oxygen?
Acid Base:
How is [H+] calculated?
What is [H+] equivalent to?
Acid Base:
What are the steps in solving a case?
Acid Base:
What is/are the pH, Bicarbonate, CO2 and Causes of:
- Metabolic Acidosis
- Metabolic Alkalosis
- Respiratory Acidosis
- Respiratory Alkalosis
Acid Base:
What is compensation?
What extra information is needed for metabolic acidosis?
Acid Base:
What is the Anion Gap and how is it calculated?
What is its normal range?
Acid Base:
What are the possible causes of elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis?
Acid Base:
What is the osmolar gap and what is an increase in it caused by?
Liver function tests:
What are the LFTs that are markers and liver cell damage and synthetic function?
Liver function tests:
What are the normal levels of AST/ALT? What are the main causes of them being raised?
Liver function tests:
What are the normal levels of ALP What are the main causes of them being raised?
Liver function tests:
What are the normal levels of GGT?
What are the main causes of them being raised?
Porphyrias:
What is the definition of a Porphyria?
Porphyrias:
What is/are the inheritance and symptoms of Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)?
Porphyrias:
What is/are the investigations, predisposing facts and management of Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)?
Porphyrias:
What is/are the subtypes, genetics and symptoms of Acute Porphyrias with Skin Lesions?
Porphyrias:
What are the diseases caused by Non-Acute Porphyrias?
Porphyrias:
What are the symptoms of Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP)?
Porphyrias:
What is/are the genetics, symptoms, investigations and management of Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)?
Thyroid:
What are the reference ranges for TSH, Free T4 and Free T3?
Thyroid:
What are the interpretations of:
- ↑TSH ↓T4
- ↑TSH ↔T4
- ↑TSH ↑T4
- ↓TSH ↑T4
- ↓TSH ↔T3 and T4
- ↓TSH ↓T4
- ↑(later↓) TSH ↓T3 and ↓ T4
- ↔TSH, abnormal T4
Thyroid:
What are the details of High Uptake Hyperthyroidism?
Thyroid:
What are the details of Low Uptake Hyperthyroidism?
Thyroid:
What are the details of Autoimmune Hypothyroidism?
Thyroid:
What are the details of “Other” types of Hypothyroidism?
Thyroid:
What is the treatment of Hyper and Hypothyroidism?
Thyroid:
What are the types of Thyroid Neoplasia?
Thyroid Neoplasia:
- Papillary
- Follicular
- Medullary
- Lymphoma
- Anaplastic
Thyroid:
What are the details of Papillary Thyroid Neoplasia?
Thyroid:
What are the details of Follicular Thyroid Neoplasia?
Thyroid:
What are the details of Medullary Thyroid Neoplasia?
Thyroid:
What are the details of Lymphoma Thyroid Neoplasia?
Thyroid:
What are the details of Anaplastic Thyroid Neoplasia?
Thyroid:
What is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia?
Thyroid:
What are the main types and causes of Hypo and Hyperthyroidism?
-
Hyperthyroidism:
- High Uptake
- Graves Disease
- Toxic multinodular
- Toxic Adenoma
- Low Uptake
- Subacute
- Postpartum thyroiditis
- High Uptake
-
Hypothyroidism:
- Autoimmune
- Primary atrophic
- Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
- Other
- Iodine deficiency
- Post thyroiditis
- Drug induced
- Autoimmune
Therapeutic Drug monitoring:
What is/are the toxicity signs, signs under treatment, interactions and cautions and treatment for Phenytoin?
Therapeutic Drug monitoring:
What is/are the toxicity signs, signs under treatment, interactions and cautions and treatment for Digoxin?
Therapeutic Drug monitoring:
What is/are the toxicity signs, signs under treatment, interactions and cautions and treatment for Lithium?
Therapeutic Drug monitoring:
What is/are the toxicity signs, signs under treatment, interactions and cautions and treatment for Gentamicin?
Therapeutic Drug monitoring:
What is/are the toxicity signs, signs under treatment, interactions and cautions and treatment for Theophylline?
Calcium:
What are normal blood calcium levels?
What form does it take in the blood?
Calcium:
What are the two main hormones involved in Calcium Metabolism and what do they do?
Calcium:
Outline the overall Calcium feedback loop
Calcium:
Outline the Primary Defect, Calcium Level, Phosphate level, Alk Phos level and Vitamin D levels for Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Calcium:
Outline the Primary Defect, Calcium Level, Phosphate level, Alk Phos level and Vitamin D levels for Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Calcium:
Outline the Primary Defect, Calcium Level, Phosphate level, Alk Phos level and Vitamin D levels for Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Calcium:
Outline the Primary Defect, Calcium Level, Phosphate level, Alk Phos level and Vitamin D levels for Hypoparathyroidism
Calcium:
Outline the Primary Defect, Calcium Level, Phosphate level, Alk Phos level and Vitamin D levels for Rickets/Osteomalacia
Calcium:
Outline the Primary Defect, Calcium Level, Phosphate level, Alk Phos level and Vitamin D levels for Paget’s disease
Calcium:
Outline the Primary Defect, Calcium Level, Phosphate level, Alk level and Vitamin D levels for Osteoporosis
Calcium:
What are the causes of Hypocalcaemia?
Calcium:
What is/are the symptoms and treatment of Hypocalcaemia?
Calcium:
What are the causes of Hypercalcaemia?
Calcium:
What is/are the symptoms and treatment of Hypercalcaemia?
Calcium:
What are the risk factors for Renal stones?
Calcium:
What is/are the signs, causes and preventative management of Calcium Stones?
Calcium:
What is/are the % frequency and X-ray appearance of:
- Mixed Calcium stones
- Calcium oxalate
- Calcium phosphate
- Triple phosphate“Struvite”
- Uric acid
- Cysteine
- Others eg xanthine
Calcium:
What are the investigations for recurrent stones?
Enzyme and cardiac markers:
What does raised Amylase indicate?
Enzyme and cardiac markers:
What is Creatine Kinase used for?
What do raised levels indicate?
Enzyme and cardiac markers:
Where are there high levels of ALP?
What are the main causes of raised ALP?
Enzyme and cardiac markers:
What is troponin and what are its uses?
Enzyme and cardiac markers:
What is an “international unit”?
Lipoprotein metabolism:
Outline Lipoprotein Metabolism
Lipoprotein metabolism:
What are the diseases caused by Primary Hypercholesterolaemia and their features?
Lipoprotein metabolism:
What are the diseases caused by Primary Hypertriglyceridaemia and their features?
Lipoprotein metabolism:
What are the diseases caused by Primary Mixed Hyperlipidaemia and their features?
Lipoprotein metabolism:
What are the diseases caused by Primary Mixed Hyperlipidaemia and their features?
What are the diseases caused by Hyperlipidaemia and their features?
Lipoprotein metabolism:
What is the Lipoproteins In order of density?
What is PCSK9?
What is Lipoprotein a risk factor for?
Lipoprotein metabolism:
What are the main types of Lipoprotein disorders?
-
Primary Hypercholesterolemia:
- Familial hypercholesterolemia (type II)
- Polygenic hypercholesterolemia
- Familial hyperα-lipoproteinemia
- Phytosterolemia
-
Primary Hypertriglyceridaemia:
- Familial Type I
- Familial Type V
- Familial Type IV
-
Primary Mixed Hyperlipidaemia:
- Familial Combined hyperlipidaemia
- Familial dysβlipoproteinaemia
- Familial hepatic lipase deficiency
-
Hyperlipidaemia:
- Aβ-lipoproteinemia
- Hypoβ-lipoproteinemia
- Tangier Disease
- Hypoα-lipoproteinemia
Nutrition:
What are the fat soluble vitamins, water soluble vitamins and trace elements?
-
Fat Soluble:
- A: Retinol
- D: Cholecalciferol
- E: Tocopherol
- K: Phytomenadione
-
Water soluble:
- B1: Thiamine
- B2: Riboflavin
- B6; Pyridoxine
- B12: Cobalamin
- C: Ascorbate
- Folate
- B3: Niacin
-
Trace elements:
- Iron
- Iodine
- Zinc
- Copper
- Fluoride
Nutrition:
What is/are the deficiency disease, excess disease and tests for:
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
Nutrition:
What is/are the deficiency disease, excess disease and tests for:
- Vitamin B1
- Vitamin B2
- Vitamin B6
- Vitamin B12
Nutrition:
What is/are the deficiency disease, excess disease and tests for:
- Vitamin C
- Folate
- Vitamin B3
Nutrition:
What is/are the deficiency disease, excess disease and tests for:
- Iron
- Iodine
- Zinc
- Copper
- Fluoride
Metabolic Disorders:
Which diseases are screened in the “Guthrie” blood spot test?
How is it done?
Metabolic Disorders:
What is the outcome and screening test for Phenylketonuria?
Metabolic Disorders:
What is the outcome and screening test for Congenital Hypothyroidism?
Metabolic Disorders:
What is the outcome and screening test for Cystic Fibrosis?
Metabolic Disorders:
What is the outcome and screening test for Medium Chain Acyl CoA dehydrogenase Deficiency?
Metabolic Disorders:
What does the newborn screening promgramme measure?
Metabolic Disorders:
What do specificity and sensitivity refer to?
What do Positive and Negative predictive values refer to?
Metabolic Disorders:
Using this example table, how is the sensitivity calculated?
Metabolic Disorders:
Using this example table, how is the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) calculated?
Metabolic Disorders:
Using this example table, how is the Negative Predictive Value (NPV) calculated?
Metabolic Disorders:
What are the key features of Organic acidemias?
Metabolic Disorders:
What are the key features of Urea cycle disorders?
Metabolic Disorders:
What are the key features of Aminoacidopathies?
Metabolic Disorders:
What are the key features of Glycogen storage disorders?
Metabolic Disorders:
What are the key features of Galactosaemia?
Metabolic Disorders:
What are the key features of Fatty acid oxidation disorders?
Metabolic Disorders:
What are the key features of Peroxisomal disorders?
Metabolic Disorders:
What are the key features of Peroxisomal disorders?
Metabolic Disorders:
What are the key features of Group 4, Defects in Large Molecule metabolism?
Metabolic Disorders:
What are the key features of Group 5, mitochondrial disorders?
Metabolic Disorders:
Which diseases are screened in the “Guthrie” blood spot test?
Metabolic Disorders:
Using this example table, how is the specificity calculated?
Metabolic Disorders:
What is the classification of Inherited Metabolic Disorders?
-
Group 1: Accumulation of toxins
- Organic acidemias
- includes propionic acidaemia
- Urea cycle disorders
- includes ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
- Aminoacidopathies
- includes PKU and maple syrup urine disease
- Organic acidemias
-
Group 2: Reduced energy stores
- Glycogen storage disorders
- Includes Von Gierke’s
- Galactosaemia
- Fatty acid oxidation
- Includes MCADD
- Glycogen storage disorders
-
Group 3: Large molecule synthesis
- Peroxisomal disorders
- Glycosylation disorders
-
Group 4: Defects in large molecule metabolism
- Lysosomal disorders
-
Group 5: Mitochondrial
- Various
Hyperglycaemia:
What are the causes of Hyperglycaemia?
Hyperglycaemia:
What is/are the epidemiology and investigations for Diabetes Mellitus?
Hyperglycaemia:
How is Hypoglycaemia classified and what are their causes?
Hyperglycaemia:
What is the flow chart for finding the cause of Hypoglycaemia?
Hyperglycaemia:
What is Non-islet Tumour Hypoglycaemia?
Paediatric:
What are the causes of:
- Insensible water loss Fluid overload
- Hypernatraemia Hyponatraemia
Paediatric:
What are the common problems fun low birth weight?
Paediatric:
How is the Paediatric Renal system different to Adults?
Paediatric:
What are the common Paediatric features of Electrolyte disturbances?
Paediatric:
What is the broad classification of Neonatal jaundice?
Renal Physiology:
What is normal GFR?
What its the age related decline?
Renal Physiology:
What is clearance?
Renal Physiology:
What is the gold standard for measurement of GFR?
Renal Physiology:
How is creatine used with respect to GFR?
Renal Physiology:
What are the single samples and 24hr collection investigations of urine?
Renal Physiology:
What is the definition of Acute Kidney Injury?
What subclassifications are there?
Renal Physiology:
What are the causes of Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury?
Renal Physiology:
What are the causes of Renal Acute Kidney Injury?
Renal Physiology:
What are the causes of Post-renal Acute Kidney Injury?
Renal Physiology:
What are the indications for dialysis in an emergency?
Renal Physiology:
What is the description, GFR and Prevalence (% of population) of Stage 1 to 5 Chronic Kidney Disease?
Renal Physiology:
What are the commonest causes of Chronic Kidney Disease?
Renal Physiology:
What are the consequences of Chronic Kidney Disease?
Renal Physiology:
What are the common findings and causes of Urine Microscopy?
Adrenals:
What are the causes of Cushing’s?
Adrenals:
What are the signs/symptoms of Cushing’s?
Adrenals:
What are the investigations for Cushing’s?
Adrenals:
What is the management for Cushing’s?
Adrenals:
What are the causes of Addison’s?
Adrenals:
What are the signs/symptoms of Addison’s?
Adrenals:
What are the investigations for Addison’s?
Adrenals:
What is the management for Addison’s?
Adrenals:
What are the causes of Pheochromocytoma?
Adrenals:
What are the causes of Conn’s?
Adrenals:
What are the signs/symptoms of Pheochromocytoma?
Adrenals:
What are the signs/symptoms of Conn’s?
Adrenals:
What are the investigations for Pheochromocytoma?
Adrenals:
What are the investigations for Conn’s?
Adrenals:
What is the management for Pheochromocytoma?
Adrenals:
What is the management for Conn’s?
Pituitary:
What are the hormones produced in the Hypothalamus and the actions they have on the Pituitary?
Pituitary:
What are the indications for a combined pituitary function test (CPFT)?
Pituitary:
What is the procedure of a combined pituitary function test (CPFT)?
Pituitary:
What are the hormones produced in the Hypothalamus and the actions they have on the Pituitary?
Pituitary:
How is the Insulin tolerance test interpreted in a a combined pituitary function test (CPFT)?
Pituitary:
How is the Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Test interpreted in a combined pituitary function test (CPFT)?
Pituitary:
How is the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Test interpreted in a combined pituitary function test (CPFT)?
What does an inadequate response suggest?
Pituitary:
How can tumours affect the Pituitary?
What is the definition of a Microadenoma and a Macroadenoma?
What symptoms can patients present with?
Pituitary:
What hormones are produced in the Anterior Pituitary?
Pituitary:
What are the causes of excess ADH?
Pituitary:
What are the causes of ADH failure?
Pituitary:
What are the contraindications of a combined pituitary function test (CPFT)?
Pituitary:
What are the side effects of a combined pituitary function test (CPFT)?
Pituitary
How is Gonadotrophin deficiency diagnosed in men and women?
What happens if sex steriods are present in Children?
