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Repro > Histology of female reproductive system (basic) > Flashcards

Histology of female reproductive system (basic) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

paired organs lying on the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity

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2
Q

what are the ovaries covered in?

A

squamous epithelium (or germative epithelium)

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3
Q

what is the squamous (germative) epithelium which covers the ovaries?

A

a layer of peritoneum

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4
Q

where are the germ cells of the ovaries derived from?

A

yolk sac endoderm

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5
Q

what do the ovaries consist of?

A

cortex, medulla, hilum

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6
Q

what is the hilum of the ovaries?

A

where the neurovascular structures can enter or leave the organ

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7
Q

what does the medulla of the ovary contain?

A

nerves, blood vessels, CT, stromal cells

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8
Q

what does the cortex of ovary contain?

A

numerous germ cells in various stages of development

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9
Q

what is seen in an immature ovary?

A

only primordial follicles

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10
Q

where is the site of about 90% of ovarian cancers? why?

A

germative (squamous) epithelium (covering ovaries)

because germative epithelium is constantly being damaged from ovulation and then being repaired

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11
Q

what is the function of the fallopian tube?

A

collects the released ova, provides a site for fertilisation, and then transports the zygote for implantation at the uterus

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12
Q

what are the different sections of the fallopian tube?

A 
4 parts:
fimbria
infundibulum
ampulla
intramural part
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13
Q

what is the function of the fimbria of the fallopian tube?

A

capture the ovum

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14
Q

what is the infundibulum of the fallopian tube?

A

the bell shaped portion of the fallopian tube that attaches to the fimbriae

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15
Q

what is the ampulla of the fallopian tube?

A

the widened segment where fertilisation normally occurs

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16
Q

what is the intramural part of the fallopian tube? also known as?

A

part of the uterine wall

also known as isthmus

17
Q

what is the lining of the fallopian tube like?

A

has an inner mucosa and a thick SM layer (varies in thickness, can sometimes be 3 layers thick)
surrounded by serosa; folding of the mucosa can occur, especially in the ampullary region

18
Q

what is the main epithelial lining of the fallopian tube?

A

mainly ciliated columnar cells, yet contains some cells that secrete mucus (called peg cells)

19
Q

how can the uterus be divided?

A

into 2 layers:

endometrium (innermost) & myometrium (outer)

20
Q

what is the endometrium of the uterus lined by?

A

simple columnar epithelia

which rests on a lamina propria

21
Q

what does the lamina propria of the uterus contain?

A

glands and connective / stromal elements

22
Q

what is the myometrium? what does it consist of?

A

outer thicker layer of uterus

consists of 4 layers of SM

23
Q

what is the endometrium divided into?

A

into functional (stratum functionalis) and basal (stratum basalis) layers

24
Q

how can the functional (stratum functionalis) layer of endometrium (innermost) be divided into?

A

outer compact and deeper spongy layer

25
Q

which layer sheds away during menstruation?

A 
functional layer (stratum functionalis) of endometrium
sheds completely during menstruation
26
Q

what happens during the proliferative phase to the endometrium?

A

the stratum functionalis regenerates completely from the stratum basalis (basal layer of endometrium) layer

27
Q

what is the blood supply to the endometrium?

A

derived from paired uterine arteries, which branch to form the arcuate arteries found in the myometrium

28
Q

what happens to the arcuate arteries that supply the myometrium? (branch from uterine arteries - endometrium)

A

arcuate arteries of myometrium give off STRAIGHT arteries which supply the stratum basalis (BASAL of endometrium) and SPIRAL arteries which supply the stratum functionalis (FUNCTIONAL layer of endometrium)

29
Q

what happens to the endometrium as the cycle is in the proliferative phase?

A

the increase in depth of the stratum functionalis layer leads to an increasing length of the endometrial glands

30
Q

describe endometrial glands (within stratum functionalis)

A

straight, unbranched tubular glands

31
Q

what are the cells surrounding the developing endometrial glands?

A

the stromal cells proliferate and by the end of the proliferative phase

32
Q

what happens to the endometrial glands by the end of the proliferative phase?

A

by the end of this stage the spaces between the endometrial glands are packed with these stromal cells

33
Q

as the cycle progresses to the secretory phase, what is there an increase in? leading to?

A

the level of progesterone

there is further developing of the endometrium

34
Q

what happens to the glands surrounding the lamina propria as the level of progesterone increase in the secretory phase?

A

the glands grow more than the surrounding lamina propria and so become coiled and the stroma becomes oesdematous

35
Q

what happens to the stromal cells surrounding the lamina propria as the level of progesterone increase in the secretory phase?

A

the stromal cells start to develop into decidual cells

36
Q

why do stromal cell surrounding the lamina propria develop into decidual cells in the secretory phase under progesterone?

A

such that if fertilisation does occur, then the decidual cells contribute to the formation of the placenta and decidualisation reaction (whilst also secreting prolactin)

37
Q

what happens to progesterone in the absence of a fertilised ovum?

A

progesterone levels start to decline and at about day 28, the endometrium breaks down and is shed

38
Q

what is the shedding of the endometrium caused by?

A

spasming of the spiral arteries from the reduced progesterone levels, meaning that stratum functionalis is therefore deprived of nutrients and becomes necrotic

39
Q

which layer of the endometrium remains into the next cycle? why? forming?

A

as the straight arteries do not go into spasm the stratum basalis remains and in the next cycle proliferates to form a new stratum functionalis

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