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Repro > 1.1 Development of the reproductive system > Flashcards

1.1 Development of the reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

How do new individuals arise?

A

from fusion of 2 haploid gametes

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2
Q

what does fusion of 2 haploid gametes form?

A

diploid conceptus (embryo)

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3
Q

where do gametes (sex cells: sperm / ova) originate from?

A

diploid germ cells (diploid sex cells)

undergo meiosis –> haploid gametes

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4
Q

what are diploid germ cells?

A

embryonic cells that have the potential to develop into spermatozoa / ovum (gametes)

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5
Q

what are gametes?

A

spermatozoa or ovum
(sex cells - haploid)
from diploid germ cells

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6
Q

where do diploid germ cells separate from?

A

separated from somatic cells early in embryonic life

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7
Q

what is the male and female gamete?

A

female gamete = ovum

male gamete = sperm

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8
Q

what is the male gametes production rate? why?

A

7000 sperm / second

have to exploit (make use of) the intermittent female activity

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9
Q

what is the production of female gametes like?

A

limited by the number that can be supported by gestation

about 400 in total fertile lifespan (40 years), 12-14 per year (between conception to birth)

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10
Q

where are gametes produced?

A

in the gonads

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11
Q

what are the male and female gonads?

A 
males = testis
female = ovary
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12
Q

aside from gonads, what is the remainder of the reproductive system divided into?

A

internal and external genitalia

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13
Q

what are the female internal genitalia?

A 
Ovaries
Duct system:
vagina
cervix
uterus
fallopian tube
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14
Q

what are the female external genitalia?

A

vestibule
labia minora & majora
clitoris
perineum

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15
Q

what are the male internal genitalia?

A 
testis
Duct system: epididymus, vas deferens, (urethra)
seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbo-urethral gland
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16
Q

what are the male external genitalia?

A

penis

scrotum

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17
Q

when do secondary (sexual) characteristics arise?

A

at puberty when gametes begin to be produced

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18
Q

what does secondary characteristics aid?

A

facilitate sexual interaction

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19
Q

what are the secondary characteristics in females?

A 
decrease in body size (relative to male)
subcutaneous fat distribution
hair & skin changes
breast development
smell & touch become more acute
CNS effects
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20
Q

what are the secondary characteristics in male?

A 
increase in body size (relative to female)
change in body composition
hair & skin changes
pain experienced more acutely
CNS effects
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21
Q

what are the secondary characteristic changes coordinated by?

A

hormones e.g. those by pituitary gland (FSH & LH) or from gonads (testosterone, oestrogen & progesterone)

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22
Q

what do the hormones in repro coordinate?

A

production of gametes
mechanisms of gestation
parturition (birth)

23
Q

where are the repro hormones produced from?

A

hypothalamus
anterior & posterior pituitary gland
gonads
placenta

24
Q

what are the hormones produced in the hypothalamus?

A

peptides releasing factors:
GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (leutinising hormone)

25
Q

which hormone is produced in the posterior pituitary gland?

A

oxytocin

hypothalamus neural control

26
Q

what are the hormones produced in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

gonadotrophins:
FSH (follicle stimulating)
LH (leutinising)

27
Q

which hormones are produced by the gonads? (ovaries & testis)

A

gonadal steroids:
male = testosterone
females = oestrogens (oestradiol, oestrone, oestriol) & progesterone
inhibin

28
Q

what are the hormones produced by the placenta?

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
human placental lactogen (hPL)
Oestrogen (oestradiol, oestrone, oestriol)
Progesterone

29
Q

when do germ cells arise?

A

3 weeks after conception

30
Q

what is the genetic sex of an individual determined by?

A

the chromosome (XX or XY) of the germ cells which arise 3 weeks post conception

31
Q

what is the developed gonad made up of?

A

somatic cells from original primordium (early structure) and germ cells

32
Q

what does primordial gonad consist of?

A

cortex and a medulla

33
Q

what can the primordial gonad form?

A

ovary or testis - depending on genetic sex

34
Q

how do male germ cells develop from the primordial gonad?

A

colonise in the medullary region, cortex region will atrophy
M = Medullary, Male
thick tunica albuginea (enclose gonads tightly)

35
Q

what do the germ cells within males allow for?

A

rapid growth of the definitive sex cords

36
Q

where does structural development occur?

A

in utero

37
Q

when does functional development and maturation occur?

A

continues after birth

38
Q

what is the indifferent stage of development of reproductive tracts?

A

gonad and duct systems

39
Q

what is the developmental ‘cross-roads’ stage of reproductive tracts regulated by?

A

genetic sex: XX or XY

40
Q

what is the urogenital ridge?

A

region of intermediate mesoderm giving rise to both embryonic kidney and gonad

41
Q

what is indifferent gonad derived from?

A

intermediate mesoderm + primordial germ cells (extragonadal)

42
Q

Where do primordial germ cells arise from? where do they migrate to? what do they form?

A

arise in yolk sac, migrate into retroperitoneum, along dorsal mesentery into UG ridge
forming primordial gonads, mesonephric origin

43
Q

what determines the genetic male?

A

male gamete (sperm) carrying Y chromosome
primordial germ cells carry Y chromosome (meiosis to form haploid gamete)
so XY male conceptus (embryo)

44
Q

what physical characteristics (organs) determine male?

A 
gonad (testis)
internal genitalia (duct system)
external genitalia
45
Q

what drives the development of MALE?

A

expression of SRY genes

46
Q

what determines genetic female?

A

male gamete carrying X chromosome (XX female conceptus)

primordial germ cells do NOT carry Y chromosome

47
Q

what leads to development of female?

A

absence of Y chromosome

48
Q

what is the female gonad?

A

ovary

49
Q

how do female germ cells develop from the primordial gonads?

A

colonise the cortex of primordial gonad (containing primordial of follicles)
medullary cords regress
no tunica albuginea

50
Q

what is the (indifferent stage) duct systems that develop? where do they end?

A

mesonephric (embryonic kidney ducts) and paramesonephric ducts developes in both male & female embryos
both end in cloaca

51
Q

what is the mesonephric system?

A

mesonephric tubules which perform primitive renal function (filter blood - nephrons)

52
Q

what makes up the embryonic kidneys?

A

mesonephric tubules + mesonephric duct

53
Q

what is mesonephric duct also know as? what is it’s direction of travel? what does it make contact with?

A

Wolffian duct
runs caudally
make contact with cloaca

Repro (78 decks)

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