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Repro > 3.1 lecture: endocrinology 'Puberty and Menopause' > Flashcards

3.1 lecture: endocrinology 'Puberty and Menopause' Flashcards

1
Q

what is Thelarche?

A

development of breast

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2
Q

what is Puberache?

A

development of axillary & pubic hair

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3
Q

what is Menarche?

A

the first menstrual period

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4
Q

what is Adrenarche?

A

the onset of an increase in the secretion of androgens

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5
Q

what is puberty?

A

A stage of human development when sexual maturation and growth are completed and result in ability to reproduce

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6
Q

what happens during puberty?

A

– Accelerated somatic growth
– Maturation of primary sexual characteristics (gonads and genitals)
– Appearance of secondary sexual characteristics (pubic and axillary hair, female breast development, male voice changes,…)
– Menstruation and spermatogenesis begin

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7
Q

which organ initiates puberty?

A

brain

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8
Q

what is onset of puberty associated with? why?

A

steady increase in FSH and LH

due to increase in GnRH secretion

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9
Q

when can most parts of reproductive system work before?

A

Most parts of the reproductive system can work before normal age of puberty

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10
Q

why does the reproductive system not function before the normal age of puberty?

A

because hormone levels are low

due to low GnRH (from hypothalamus - brain initiates puberty)

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11
Q

what does growth spurt depend upon?

A

Depends on growth hormone and steroids in both sexes

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12
Q

why are men taller?

A

Men larger because growth spurt longer and slightly faster (10cm instead of about 9cm/year)

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13
Q

what does Genital development in boys depend upon?

A

testosterone

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14
Q

when does growth spurt occur in girls compared to boys?

A

earlier and shorter in girls

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15
Q

what marks the end of growth spurt in both genders?

A

closing of epiphyseal growth plates (epiphyseal fusion)

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16
Q

why do girls growth spurt end earlier?

A

Oestrogen closes epiphyses earlier in girls

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17
Q

what happens to girls if there is a significant weight loss?

A

reproductive cycles cease

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18
Q

what is one of the contributing factors of puberty?

A

nutrition
(especially earlier puberty)
(living conditions, healthcare)

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19
Q

what is the most important contributing factor of puberty?

A

body weight (girls: 47kg before menarche, boys: 55kg)

20
Q

what may be involved in signalling for initiation of puberty?

A

leptin (fat hormone)

21
Q

what is a factor associated with delayer menarche?

A

malnutrition

22
Q

what is primary amenorrhea common in?

A

lean female athletes

23
Q

what is ‘body fat’ set point very noticeable in?

A

girls with fluctuating body weight due to anorexia nervosa

24
Q

in mammals breeding seasonally, what is puberty each year associated with?

A

– Triggered by changes in day length
– Involvement of pineal gland
– Secretion of melatonin

25
Q

which tumour can influence puberty in humans?

A

pineal tumours

26
Q

what does puberty hormonal changes precede in humans?

A

physical changes

27
Q

what do the puberty hormonal changes cause in humans?

A

Increased stimulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal

axis (HPG) - from hypothalamus increasing GnRH pulses

28
Q

what are the puberty hormonal changes? (HPG axis)

A

– gradual activation of the GnRH
– increases frequency and amplitude of LH pulses (from increase GnRH)
– gonadotropins (FSH/LH) stimulate secretion of sexual steroids (oestrogenes and androgenes)

29
Q

what are the extragonadal hormonal changes associated with puberty hormonal changes (HPG axis)

A

elevation of IGF-I,

and adrenal steroids

30
Q

what does GH secretion from pituitary cause?

A
  • Increases TSH
  • increases metabolic rate
  • promotes tissue growth
  • increase androgens = retention of minerals in body to support bone and muscle growth
31
Q

what does GH secretion from pituitary result in?

A

growth spurt

32
Q

what does GH secretion from pituitary cause (hormones / metab)?

A
  • Increases TSH (so more T3/T4)
  • increases metabolic rate
  • promotes tissue growth
  • increase androgens (oestrogen/testosterone) = retention of minerals in body to support bone and muscle growth
33
Q

what does GH secretion from pituitary result in?

A

growth spurt

34
Q

what are the first phenotypic changes in females puberty?

A

breast development

35
Q

what are the first phenotypic changes in males puberty?

A

testicular enlargement

36
Q

what precedes phenotypic changes by several years?

A

Nocturnal GnRH pulsatility (LH secretion)

37
Q

what does sleep dependent nocturnal rise in LH suggests in adolescent boys? (HPG axis)

A

in adolescent boys, the sleep related LH (AP) increases

stimulating a nocturnal rise of testosterone (gonads)

38
Q

what does the nocturnal rise in testosterone stimulated by LH account for?

A

some of the early pubertal changes seen in males

39
Q

what is the similar pattern of early pubertal changes seen in females stimulated by?

A

concomitant increase in oestrogen

40
Q

at which age do blood levels of LH,FSH increase? how?

A

9-12 years

amplitude of pulses increase, especially during sleep

41
Q

what does high blood levels of LG, FSH lead to between 9-12 years?

A

initiate gonadal development

young children, LH + FSH levels insufficient to initiate gonadal function

42
Q

when do FSH and LH increase in males? leading to?

A

LH + FSH increase at about 10 years

spermatogenesis, androgen secretion from adrenals

43
Q

what does androgens released from adrenal glands initiate in males?

A

growth of sex accessory structures (e.g. prostate)

male secondary sex characteristics (facial hair, growth of larynx - voice breaks)

44
Q

what induces secondary sex characteristics in females?

A

oestrogen

45
Q

what are the secondary sex characteristics in females?

A

growth of pelvis (more lateral acetabulum)
deposit of subcutaneous fat
maturation of internal reproductive organs
development of external genitalia

46
Q

what does androgens released by adrenal glands in female cause?

A

growth of pubic hair
growth of bone
increased secretion from sebaceous glands

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