histo heart vessels Flashcards
endocardium
- endothelium: simple sq. epith
- subendothelial ct: fine + tight collagen fibers og f.blasts
3.middle layer: elastic fibers, collagen, f.blast og SMOOTH MUSCLE - subendocardial layer: collagen, elastic f, f.blast.
og loose CT og adipose tissue með vessels and nerves
Epicardium
- simple sq mesothelium
- fibroelastic CT
- adipose tissue, with coronary vessels og nerves
cardiac skeleton
of dense ct
- 4 fibrous rings around base of aorta, pulm artery and both av orifices
- 2 fibr. trigones.. right one er ct bridge milli aortic valve and right av valve rings. Left one milli aortic valve og left av valve rings
- av bundle/hiss thru right fibr. trigone
- c. skeleton a milli atria og ventricles. At surf of heart is projected to coronary sulcus
heart valves and fibr. rings
heart valve core of ct, cov w endothelium, cont with endoth of the chambers
-they are duplicatures of endocardium inserted to fibr rings.
Arteries
- large or elastic
- medium or muscular
- small arteries or arterioles
Large(elastic) arteries
- tunica intima: simple endothelium, w supporting basement membrane with elastin rich collagen
- tunica media: very broad, with elastic fibers og collagen, few smooth m fibers
- tunica adventitia: various amount of collagen and elastin. Quite dense CT but changes to loose CT near periphery. HAS VASA VASORUM (large arteries need their own blood supply)
-Internal elastic lamina: layer of elastic tissue forming outermost part of tunica intima. (seperating tunica intima from tunica media)
it is a fenestrated elastic sheath, allows diffusion of nutrients to arterial wall
Medium (muscular) arteries
- tunica intima: endothelium
- tunica media: mest SMOOTH MUSCLE, en smá elastin og collagen
- tunica adventita: VERY BROAD. mest collagen og elastin
-the external elastic lamina milli tunica media og tunica adv. er reduced miðað við í elastic arteries.
Arterioles
- regulate blood flow into capillary beds
1. tunica intima: very thin endothelial layer mostly of collagen 3 and little elastin og gr. substance - fenestrated internal elastic lamina absent in small og terminal arterioles. Present in larger ones
2. tunica media: Small ones single layer smooth muscle cells. Larger ones 2 til 3 layers smooth muscle cells.*
3. tunica adventita: er scant, fibroelastic tissue, merges w surr. tissue
Capillary bed
arterioles give rise to metarterioles.
precapillary spinchter at junction of metarterioles and capillary regulate blood flow.
thoroughfare channel connects metarteriole to a venule. t.d intestine, liver, spleen
arteriovenous anastomosis er direct conn. milli small arteriole and small vein. t.d i skin
capillaries
terminal arterioles branch to form capillaries, sem conn. arterial and venous systems.
-single layer endothelium on thin basem. membrane of glycoprotein
Types of capillaries
- cont. capillaries: continous endothelium and cont. basal lamina. In muscle, lung, nervous tissue and exocrine glands
- fenestrated capillaries: with pores(fenestrea) with or without diaphragm.
-endoth. cells w fenestrae and cont. basal lamina.
In intestines and endocrine glands(w diaphragm)
In renal glomerolus(w.out diaphragm)
3.discontinous (sinusoids)
endoth. cells w gaps and discont. basal lamina
In liver, spleen, adrenal and pit. gland
Capillary functions
- semiperm. barrier
- nonthrombogenic surf
- prostaglandins, serotonin (deactivates them)
- catabolize lipoproteins into triglyc. and fatty acids
- convert angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
- release prostacyclins to inhibit aggregation of platelets
- promote fibrinolysis(prod. activators of plasminogens)
- binding sites for some clotting factors
- release tissue factors to initiate clotting response
Pericytes
vascular wall cells in basem. membr of microvessels (direct physical contact + paracrine signal)
-extend processes along capillaries, precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules
-CNS pericytes uniquely staðsett in neurovascular unit between endoth. cells, astrocytes and neurons
function:
a. skel. muscle regeneration and fat formation
b. angiogenesis and survival of endoth. cells
c. blood brain barrier
d. blood flow.
veins
- small veins or venules
- medium veins
- large veins
sömu 3 lög.
tunica adventita er stærsta lagið
valves
lymp. vessels
thin walled, w valves
- endoth
- smooth muscle
- adventita binds them to surr. tissues
- absorption of interstital fluid from tissues
- lymph flows to larges lymph vessel in body thoracic duct and then to right/left subclavian veins
structure lymp. vessels
- thinner walls then veins, but same tunicas
- many valves (beaded apperance)
- l.nodes at certain intervals
- small openings milli endoth. cells for high permeability to large substances
-dural lymp. vessels drain CSF away from subarachnod space around brain
Vagina/kolpos
ext from uterus to vaginal vestibule
- directs down and anteriorly
- antpost flattened. Um 8-10cm. rúmmál ca 2-3cm
Relations;
- behind bladder and urethra
- in front of rectum (conn to rectum w rectovaginal septum)
Vagina, external description
*ant + post walls; ant wall shorter than post. wall
*Vaginal förnix:
upper p. of vagina surr. vaginal portion of cervix.
Subdivided into –>
-Ant.fornix
-Post. fornix(deeper); cov w peritoneum and sep. from rectum by rectouterine pouch
-Lateral parts
*Vaginal orifice: in vestibule, behind ext urethral orifice
(in virgins, partially enclosed by muc.fold-hymen)
vaginal wall, structure and supply
1) mucous membrane; forms transverse ridges-Rugae
2) muscular coat; external longitudinal + internal circular smooth muscle
3) Tunica adventitia
4) Parakolpium: layer of areolar tissue, conn. vagina to urinary bladder, urethra and rectum.
Blood supply;
Uterine artery, Middle rectal A and internal pudendal A
-Venous drainage into uterovaginal plx
L drainage; internal iliac l.nodes and spf ingiunal l.nodes
Nerve supply; uterovaginal auton. plexus
External female genital organs, pudendum-vulva
*Mons pubis:
Cutaneous eminence in front of pubic symphysis.
Composed of fatty tissue beneath skin at puberty
Skin is cov. w hair.
*Labia majora:
two cutaneous folds w fatty tissue.
ext from mons to perineal region.
They border the pudendal cleft and meet in ant+post commisure
Outer surf, pigmented + cov w hair
Inner surf, sebaceous glands
*Round ligg. of uterus terminates in labia majora
*Labia minora:
small folds, placed medially to labia majora
contain no fat!
anteriorly they are divided into 2portions::
-prepuce of clitoris and frenulum of clitoris
Posteriorly they meet in frenulum of labia minora
On outer surf, cov w skin (contain sebaceous glands)
On inner surf cov w mucosa
*Labia minora border the vestibule
Vagina, vestibule og clitoris
Vestibule:
a space milli labia minora, lined w mucosa
contain minor vestibular glands
*Structures open into vestibule=
-ext. urethral orifice (in front of vaginal orifice)
-vaginal orifice
-ducts of vestibular glands
Clitoris:
a homolog of the penis, composed of:
1)crura of clitoris: att to pubis, cov w ischiocavernosus m.
-crura join to form–>body of clitoris
2) body of clitoris; sem terminates as glans of clitoris
3)glans of clitoris; cov w prepuce of clitoris
external female gen.organs, bulb of vestibule og gr. vestibular glands
Bulb of vestibule; homolog of bulb of penis
- úr 2 elongated masses of erectile tissue
- placed on sides of vaginal vestibule
- cov w bulbospongiosus m
- anteriorly bulbs fuse to form commissure of bulbs
Greater vestibular glands/glands of bartholini;
- Homolog to bulbourethral gland in male
- each gland placed on outer surf of urogenital diaphragm
- near dorsal p of bulb of vestibule
- the duct opens into vestibule near vaginal orifce
external female genital organs, supply
Blood supply;
Ant+post labial aa
dorsal clitoridis A
A of bulb of vestibule(br from internal+ext.pudendal aa)
-Accompanying veins, drained into int+ext pudendal veins
L.drainage; spf inguinal l.nodes
Nerve supply; pudendal Nerve-sensory
